Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or, Monographs of genera of shells

Whew <p”
ay Band
vy

vate
ah
a en J Byte
eae aE
: ‘ FT essth,
we 8 Fay RHEE ARNE
VENA ates Nika:
; Ve

‘ t H sy i
Lit aya ; ui
hard ; \ j : 4 .
' ‘ ‘ } 4 ¥ P [ .
: ' A 42 } | j 3 5 ’
4 ABA) 4? : 7 / ¢ f
f 1 ' \ see : i j y -
; , Behy fi . ;
y { betsy pel tees) if ne ‘ SF. .
bid i ? ure rt ; Disk ie } p. Ly res eats
i jf —s
wy}
\ ) i
; , .
¢ in
} i tt} j ‘
: 4
a
4 } 4
‘ A ia)
\ A
} h
a {
if ‘
; !
! | , " | !
} if 5 .
1 ‘ , , } Vv
rj Pe, ~ ;
Peta meh BOER LH Z
' ; Leg a: ; } ie ‘i
rs i ‘y fon }
‘ | eye
ta o8 ; 4445
N ] t ‘ +.
: aba
‘ te pit f
{ j wiford
i ' } 218 19/ ie
{ Wey ar Gavidhbud Sle ya 24
j ' wat “ ia rt ua
i \ a
\ 1 2
j '
t ' ' LF it
j ;
ame ea be a ad 1h ' aia
i Pay OY
bys fy Feu a fen ts ag se vals
‘ ' 1.4 f A Pa rt *¢
; ' ha et)

pa a te ON y = SQ NR (NN OAR Oo 7% OU” — i
| Nea e oS Waste’ ® SS Zz Rare m1 Chins 2 ny
S3IUVUGIT LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOLLALILSNI _ NVINOSHLINS,
| < * = a" = &,\: =
) Yo. z a E Ny 3 LP: =
hf» Wk n aA Xx ». in V7, 7 YS N w”
) 4 fir 2 ye AAS: YP ffl, T Oo
ME e Z E WW" 2. tA flr = Z
INSTITUTION. MOrtatiiean MIWIMNACLIIINGC CaM MaIT rIoOoaADICS SMITHSONIAN
: C= === =a} e
) } AAA AERAA 0
: — - ered
. “ys USNMI C
OTN ms
) 2 e
saruyY a7 [NVINOSHLINS _
) j :
- 3 »] ca
) : P 4 =
7 : : D ra
) hy = n 2
2 ¢ | ° . . =
INSTITUTION | William Healey Dall | pOMITHSONIAN _
: Re oe | eG 2 <
E 5 mm. fs Wl i z
} ; | BE Division of Mollusks ne p :
: Sectional Library :
: i
| NVINOSHLIWS
U
; ws u
: S 0
2 «<
= a
: : E
Fi :

x
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3SIYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

: 2 - z ee z r
: Ss ae <<
J = oa — wo = iy, 0
3 > x \ & 5 Pe) Ee Gp, -
: = = RNS = = Cf fis?
3 Z ee 2 :
S3IYVUSEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLIWS
n , Pe = 22) - a w = C
: WY) ES = a \ = iY = :
4 Yl, = = Zz oN = Vt fy, = -
5 Up fi 3 : 2 NN PZ?
BI fF g E Ws Ge = |
: = = = or oS =
> a . 2 aH & z a ;
INSTITUTION, NOIMNLILSNI _NVINOSHLIIAS Sabavegh LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN
> x = ” :
4 =m a ‘ u = WW :
2. s cas Pi tes — EE te
= cS NS SN Cc r
= ~ 4 NS ~ 4 ow :
5 e Oo ae oy o a.
a cal = f = = i ‘
SAIUVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI” NYINOSHLIWS
, z C :
> oo = is oo oO is aN i
: . at eee ie o WN ;
- ms - Gu re = ;
n «4 ss = rust
: P 2 a Z m A

“INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IMYWYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

Se ants sae

} 4 rs) Oo

CERITHIUM.- eve XII, ypplementcr j.)

Thesaurus, Plate 299 following Pl. )#6 in Pt. 16.

Fig. :
304. crrcinatuM, A. .fdams, Sowl. in Eve. Iconica, 61.
Hab. Isl. Mindanao, Plilippines, Cuming.

305. Sanpvicnense, Sowd., Rve. Iconica, 87. Wab. Sand-
wich Islands.
306. GRracttirormr. Sowb., Rve. Icon., 49. Hab. —-?
307. renurritosum, Sowd., rrLosuM, Sowb., Rve. Icon., 82,
(the latter name pre-occupied). Hab. Isl. Bureas,
Philippines.
308. Pura, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 84. Hab. Isl. Capul, Phi-
lippines.
309, 310. Bermups, Sowb., Rve. Icon., 86.. Hab. Bermuda.
311. unttinnatum, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 99. Hab. Sandwich
Islands.
312, unpatum, Sows. From Mr. Hanley’s collection.
313. wannum, Gould, Otia, p.62. Tab. Wilson’s Islands.
314. rocarum, Pease, Rve., 102. Hab. Sandwich Islands.
315. nivosum, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 105. Hab. re
316. AprengnsE, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 89. Hab. Aden.
317. stpHonatum, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 90. Hab, ——?P
318. ogzsuLuM, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 149. Hab. P
319. renurpunctatum, Sowd. From Mr. Hanley’s collection.
320. rantatum, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 119. Hab. Cape, Natal.
321, 322. coarcrarum, Sowd. From the collection of Mr. H.
Adams.* .
323, renurscuLprum, Sowd., Rve. Icon.—Vertagus, 22.
Hab. Australia.
324. BITUBERCULATUM, Sowd., Rve. Icon.—Vertagus, 17.
Hab. Australia. ;
325. Gourmyt, Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 3rd serves, t. 1,
nm. 2. Hab. New Caledonia.
326, semmnupuM, Sowd., Rve. Icon.—Vertagus, 24. Hab.

New Caledonia.

327. Baricum, Pease, Rve. Icon., 114. Hab. Sandwich
Islands.

328. aNcuLIrEeruM, Sowd., Rve. Icon—Lampania, 1. River
Pelio.

329. riLosum, Gould. From Mr. Hanley’s collection.
330, rricantnatum, Pease, Rve. Icon., 127. Wab. Sand-
wich Islands.
33], Hantnyanum, Sowd., Rve. Icon.—Cerithidea, 16.
Hab. —— ?
339, ynscutprum, Sowd., Rve. Icon., 128. Hab., South
Australia. ©
333, Arrum, —? So named in Mr. Lanley’s collection.
334. pxcavatum, Suwd., Rve. Icon., 148. Hab. North
Australia.
* Colline Macrochisme simili, sed anfractibus mediunis angulatim inflatis,
ad suturam moniliferis, wtimo contracto, infra spiraliter bicostato ; lubro valde
expanso,

ro arts i]
AaB) eat
ers

CERITALOUM XII.

Thes. PL. 290.

WWest, unp. ¢.B. Sowerby.

SY

RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Saluvudl

INSTITUTIC
SAluvudi

INSTITUTIO
< OR
Ns
YY

S3I1YVvYRd.

INSTITUTIC

NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SaluvugIT_LIBRARI

LNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1¥vud!IT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILONILI4S

5

7) z 7) = 7) =
= < <= < = Ws &
- == oom ie S
We : 2 \a@ : 3 2 Y&.> Ns
NN 3 A ACE B io w yr, BD \ SRS
WN SE E Qo 2 E oY hi = ONE
yee See 5 3 - 8
LA.LILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SaINVUAIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLIt
= = ” >
w (ea) uJ s ul
: = UV," :
= << = <x DB jae <
— om =_ m” 7 a a
oO i ~ (e) = oO =
= J a all a a
RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3Iu¥VuYdI7T LIBRARI
= Pa
S S S) = sae =
5 Le a = Bs) = a
Pfs = = = = ae
- “Gy a e = Be ~
Ni alle 2 5 3 :
LNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3INYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _
= n = weet 23 = of)
ss = Ppa SY XN = < =
are? ase = "Z WS 3S S =
V/, = > = abies = z bi
| n me wn ae W” Fas
RARIES SMITHSONIAN _ INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI_NVINOSHLIWS _LIBRAR
: : tu eu &
wf. oe =
e : E 2
[cia oc oc <r
m as pos S
= — lay =
Ee
ow
a
<>
Dre ° |
m
w

INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI
INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI

S3luyvysgit
INSTITUTION

Saluvudl
; if By
nd

;RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SAIYVYSIT LIBRAR

wn
xi z = Yip, Z a z
a ME:
WS SEE E gs Ae aie = z E
Sa . > 4 , 7) Py ’ ’
“Seg Foe z z ae
ANLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS SalYVYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLIJ
Zz ul Zz tu yy, 2 ul
2 cz zm Pe ne 0
= .< = < ie <
a oc = a 5 oc
re) = 5 mn: 5 os
z im ee = z a
JRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31y¥vudi7 LIBRAR
S = = - z =
= mee) 2 w ° o
= « > Fad >: = >
a - = a = Zz
2 ; m 2 m n m
= 7) = 7) 1 = w
ILNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, SA1YWYSIT_LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOILNLL.
= = .< RT ie | wa es
es : > = es 4 4 = AS = caw, sD) = Ks =
ey, S 5 BY 32 BS 5 a ey SON EZ.
Y,, “yy a OO Gee pa is AY So phe. .~82] = SN INN ©

mili r i fb ) " i fe
Noe bk q ap i, ne
‘M

, j
i

(are, 1} rF
Ny ry A uf tee ra

i a ai ws

NCHA a i
i "i an :
. mv) ha ee
wa

ty

i,

i) Pare

“a | ‘ae PM ty, font ry Wie i aa i,

i bn A
oa)
i

i)
iy) ime

a He
a

a" se
iy, oi) 4 a
Wy he UAL) men

uae A
hin Ma

ae Ae *

”
c=
a)
— re
.
“4
7
i
'
9
\ [

Vey, yy ie a ug Brera Lele

eae ecverty, 2
Me Ips) Lewes aed
| (hatiral ba ae
ee
Agee If foe oe pp of 24h he /2+tbesy
: AY 40 bes, + Lhth2 bes I. F2—

ae Gn eee, fe Lftp5~ 14 OF 15 E3
PAR ae ee On Oh mest of Bf on PRP | ee ae ge agg. IEEE

43, Ne i eS, HG3-S06, 1556

Lf of, eee enter Clee,

DO bs ee I/z bes

ey ea /EE7

THESAURUS CONCHYLIORUM,

MONOGRAPHS Dist
= cs On Of Mclizeins
echona] Library

GENERA OF SHELLS.

\Bs u
Le» Ered
EDITED BY \ z \

ene
G~ B* SOWERBY, F.Z.S.
tf

VOL. V.

LONDON:
SOWERBY, 45, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY.
1887.

PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
LONDON

359307

Fd
JUN 8 1954

Adeorbis
Ancillaria .
Aporrhais .
Argonauta .
Artemis
Astarte .
Bifrontia .
Broderipia
Bullidee
Callia

Calyptreeide .

Cancellaria
Carinaria .
Cataulus
Cemoria
Cerithium .

-- (supple-

mentary )
Circe -. .
Clementia .
Clypidella .
Columbella
Conus

— (lst sup-

plement)

— (2nd sup-

plement)
Crania .
Cranopsis .
Cyclostoma

Cyclostrema .

Cyllene.
Cymba .
Cypreea.
Cyprina

4
Ss

WWWWNOWNNWNNWH ww

wr wh bw

w

De R wwe wre or

INDEX TO MONOGRAPHS

IN THE

Pi Saw Rts CONCH Y LIOR UM.

778-783
~ 246

832

553-608
| 55-74

439-461

303-304

207-208
847-860

329
648-654
700-701
204
109-14v>'s
1-56

325-331

249-296
366

208
89-156
249-254
77-80
407-411

784

Plates in
Thes,

256
211-214
5
257-258
140-144
167

254

173

MG =5
265
445-453
92-96
279
264

245
176-186

290
137-139
151

244
36-40
187-210

286-289

507-512*
73

245

23 31
255

217
79-80
292-328
168

Cytherea .
Delphinula

and Liotia .

Dentalium
Donax .
Eburna.

— (supple-

mentary )
Emarginula
Erato
Eulima.
Fasciolaria
Ficula .
Fissurella .

Fissurellidea .

Fusus
Galeomma.

Gastrochena,

Fistulana

Saxicava
Gena
Haliotis
Harpa .
Helicina
Hinnites
Hipponyx .
Tanthina
Latiaxis
Leda
Leiostraca .
Lima
Lingula
Lucinopsis

Macrochisma .

Wow OL

OO H CO Oo He Or be Go Ww WO

WW ee bow or or We tw ort OF

Page
611-648

153-158
97-104
305
69-72

210-220
81-84
793-800
10-16

183-202
202-203

173-174

127-134
828-832
17-38
169-172
1-16
277-302

106-138
802-804
83-88
237-238
676
205-206

Plates in
Thes.

127-136

291
245-248
219

169
424>18_497
423
236-242 *
243-244
406-417"
234

470-471
173
428-44 0his
231-233
ies
266-278
20

73
44°_444
424
226-229
170
21-22
67

144

244
4.

Marginella
Megaloma-
stoma
Melo é
— (supple-
mentary )
Meroe
Microtis
Mitra
Monoptygma.
Murex .
Nassaria
Natica .
Nautilus
Navicella .
Nerita .
Neritina
Niso.
Nucula
Neilo.
Obeliscus . .
Oliva
Orbicula
Ovulum
Pecten .
Pedum .
Petricola
Phasianella
Pholas .
Phos.
Planaxis
Pleurotomaria
Phieatwlar.
Pollicaria .
Pomatias .
Portlandia
Pseudoliva
Pteroceris.
Pteropoda .
Pupillea
Pupina .
Pyramidella .
Pyrula .
Raphaulus
Registoma
Rimula.
Rostellaria

and

Vol,

=

eS)

Wr oONWNWOW HN RW w we

KF WWWEDN WHE Wor ww wwe OOIwW bh ON RH Ee & bow

609-611
840-841

547-552
105-120
507-546
800-802

147-163
805-812
365
467-484
45-78
438
771-777
149-152
485-500
89-96
171-178

183-186"

435-437
265-268
144-147
73-76
41-44
139-148
204
17-19
812-816

209-210
21

INDEX

Plates in
Thes,

74-78

263
81-83

262

126

175
352-379
172
380-403
220
454-462
97-98
TNs}
463-468
109-116
170

229-230
Waal
328>*_351
73
99-101
12-20

Syl

166
475-476
102-108
221-222
483-484
490-491
90-91
263

259

227 & 230

216

11
473-474
244

4

265

172
418-422
264.

264

245

5

Rotella .
Scalaria
Scintilla
NCUnUS! 2s
Sigaretus .
Siliquaria .
Solarium
Solenella
Spondylus .
Stomatella
Stomatia
Strombus .
Struthiolaria .
Stylifer.
Apes) T.) >
Teinostoma
Tellina .
Terebellum
Terebra
Terebratula
Teredo and
Kuphus.
Thecidium

Trichotropis . —

Tridacna and
Hippopus

Trigonia

Triomphalia .

Trophon

ur bON Naa

Typhis .

— (supple-
mentary )
Vanikoro and
Neritopsis .

Veneridz .
— (supple-
mentary )

Venerupis .

Venus

Voluta .

— (1st supple-
ment)

— (2nd sup-
plement)

Xylophaga

Yoldia

Zeidora .

EW ORR WMH ww oO wwe =

Oo St H bo Or Or coe OL RR te

=

Page
135-138
83-1088
175-182
220-222
39-48
163-166
227-246
164-165
417-434
832-840
841-843
25-39
23
159-162
678-699
258-260
221-336
147>s_190
341-364

121-126
370
321-322

179-182
187-188
500-502
189-248
319-320

167-170
742-745

785

763-770
703-742
191-220

269-272

297-318
502
138-144
209

Plates in
‘Lhes,

472
32-35
234-235
248 -249
441 _2420is
480-481
250-254
226-227
84-89
174-176
175
6-10
5)
479
145-151
256
56-66
218
41-45
68-72

469
73
285

485-489!
492

106
404-405!
493-506
284

425

482
163

168
164-165
152-162
46-55

260-262

513-517
108
226
245

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

LATIAXIS, Swainson.

GENERIC CHARACTER.—Testa angulatim fusiformis vel tur-
binata, canali extus late umbilicato, varice spirali, exfoliata
marginato.—The shells associated in our plate, and mostly
supposed to belong to this genus, have one or more of certain
characters which link them together so as to form in ap-
pearance a natural group. The type is Pyrula Mawa, re-
markable for the breadth of its umbilicated disc in the region
of the canal. This character appears more or less in all the
species but two, which otherwise resemble the umbilicated
species so closely as to be scarcely separable. The exceptions
are L. fruticosus, Gould, and L. pagoda, Adams. The species
are all peculiarly sloped down towards the angle excepting
L. Mawe.

Species.

1. Mawa, f. 9, Gray.—Testa roseo-alba turbinata, spira
elevata superne compressa, anfractibus laxatis spiraliter
scabroso-suleatis, angulatis, ad angulum laminis trigonis latis
crispatis coronatis, supra angulum late subplanulatis, infra
medium coarctatis, ad canalem expansis late umbilicatis
extus exfoliatis, apertura superne subrotunda, canali oblique
tortua.—Of a remarkable form, needing no description for
English readers.

2. Depurcura#, f. 5, Reeve.-—Testa subturbinata albida
solida spiraliter sulcata; spira exserta, anfractibus 5 brevi-
bus subacute angulatis, ad angulum laminis latis elongatis
oblique extantibus sursum acclivibus coronatis, supra angulum

B

2 LATIAXIS.

complanatim declivibus ; ultimo infra medium coarctato, ad
canalem moderate expanso exfoliato umbilicato; apertura
trigona, intus lirata, margine crenato, canali breviusculo
fere recto.—This species may be said to partake the characters
of L. Mawe in a moderate degree, excepting in the laxity of
the whorls.

3. cartnirurus, f. 6, Sowerby.—Testa quam L. Deburghia
brevior latior, liris spiralibus rugoso-prominentibus, undu-
latis, laminis extantibus ad angulum brevioribus.—The form
is shorter, the crowning laminze shorter and the spiral ridges
much more prominent and undulating.

4, unecans, f. 4, Angas.—Testa subovata albida, liris
scabrosis spiralibus cincta; spira subelevata, acuminata,
anfractibus acute angulatis, ad angulum laminis granosis
trigonis coronatis; supra coronam declivibus; ultimo ad
medium laminatim spinoso, infra angulum serrato unilirato,
infra medium squamoso suleato, ad canalem tortuo; apertura
subtrigona margine spinoso, canali brevi, obliquo.—The last
whorl has not only the broad laminated corona on the angle,
but also another inclining downwards in the middle, and
a serrated ridge between. The spire is more elevated than
in that of L. Deburghie.

5. Gravesi, f. 7, Broderip.—tTesta fulva angulata
crassa; spira elevata acuminata, anfractibus angulatis, ad
angulum spinis triangularibus compressis coronata; ultimo
spinis ad angulum latis prominentibus, infra angulum lira
serrata, medio et infra seriebus tribus spinarum ornato, axe
angustiusculo, vix umbilicato, apertura subtrigona alba, intus
lirata, margine spinoso.

6. muricatus, f. 12, 13, Hinds.—Testa alba, acute quadri-
gona minute scabroso-striata; spira exserta acuminata,
anfractibus acute angulatis supra angulum declivibus, ad
angulum latissime spinis latis compressis coronatis, ultimo
infra medium spinis latis trigonis cincto, ad canalem anguste
subumbilicato.—A curious little white shell resembling the
rowels of a spur when placed with its head towards the
observer. The region of the canal is narrower than usual in
this genus.

7. Dravema, f. 11, A. Adams.—Testa pallide roseo-fulva
levi, distanter varicosa; spira elongata, acuminata, anfrac-
tibus prominente scalariformihus angulatis, ad angulum
alminatim spinosis, ultimo biangulato, varicibus ad angulum

LATIAXIS. 3

superiorem spiris paucis ensiformibus productis et infra
medium minoribus ornatis, apertura brevi, margine quadri-
spinoso; canalis margine exfoliato, axe subanguste umbilicata ;
apertura intus lirata.—The whorls are ornamented at their
upper angle by produced curved flattened and notched spine-
like processes arising from distant varices.

8. EXFOLIATUS, f. 15, Sowerby.—Testa alba, quam L. dia-
dema angustior, spira haud tantum exserta, spinis ad an-
gulum anfractuum minoribus, axe haud umbilicata, canali
angusto; apertura intus levi—-Having much the general
appearance of L. diadema, but the produced flattened spines
at the angle of the whorls are not nearly so large. In the
specimen figured the one at the angle of the mouth is
bilobed. The great difference, however, is in the narrow-
ness of the varicose canal and the absence of an umbilicus.
The name pagodus applied by A. Adams to this shell was
preoccupied ; see sp. 10.

9. rruricosus, f. 8, Gouwld.—Testa alba tenuis breviter
subovata; spira breviuscula anfractibus angulatis, supra
angulum declivibus, ad angulum et medio spinis tuberosis
ornatis; apertura trigona, margine lobato, umbilico parvo,
margine trifariam tuberculato.—The umbilicus in this
curious little species is narrow but not wanting, as in the
preceding species; it is bordered by three rows of small
tubercles. The spines are not compressed but tubular.

10. Paconus, f. 2, 3, Jonas.—Testa oblique quadrata pallide
fulva, vel subrosea, liris serratis spiralibus sculpta, ad an-
gulum anfractuum carina squamifera undulata marginata ;
anfractibus subacute angulatis, supra angulum declivibus,
ultimo infra medium contracto, versus canalem varice ex-
foliato marginato subanguste umbilicato, canali spiraliter
subtortuo.—Angularly fusiform, with prominently angular
whorls, bordered at the angle with an undulated and serrated
keel and all over with finely serrated close ridges.

11. rortiis, f. 1, A. Adams.—Testa L. pagodo similis,
sed multo magis rude sculpta, canali breviori.—Translucently
white, with the serrated ridges much coarser and fewer than
in the last. The lower part of the last whorl is less ventricose
and more angular.

12. ayratus, f. 12, Hinds.—Testa parva, L. pagodo
similis sed minutissime sculpta, carina serrata, ad angulum

4 LATIAXIS.

anfractuum magis prominenti et regulariimExactly like a
miniature representation of L. pagodus, a small shell, with
sculpture minute in proportion; the keel, however, being
more prominent and more regular.

13. Evernraz, f. 16, Bernardi.—Testa ventricosa sub-
pyruleformis, spiraliter regulariter suleata subrosea; spira
subconcava, anfractibus obtusissime angulatis, supra angulum
concavis declivibus, ultimi angulo supra suturam elevato,
umbilico lato, arcuatim elongato; canali oblique tortuo.—
The whorls are obtusely angular above the suture, and are
slightly concave above the angle, which is very obtuse. The
whole surface is spirally grooved.

14. noposus, f. 17.—Testa alba brevis; spira conica,
anfractibus rotunde angulatis, ad angulum nodulis rotundis
ornata, spiraliter liris crebris minute serratis cincta ; umbilico
lato, margine serrato; apertura pyriformi, canali brevi,
tortuo.—Short and white, with a row of nodules at the
rounded angle of the whorls.

15. rHopostoma, f. 14, A. Adams.—Testa oblongo-fusi-
formis subaurea, late fusco-rubescenti trifasciata, spiraliter
sulcata, sulcis serratis, spira elevata acuminata, anfractibus
declivibus, infra prope suturam rotundatim angulatis, longi-
tudinaliter plicatis, plicis rotundis, prominentibus ; umbilico
brevi latissimo, margine serrato; apertura rosea, subquadrata,
margine crenato, canali oblique tortuo.—Although this has
not the decidedly angular whorls of most species, the
umbilicated region of the canal is very characteristic of the
genus. The spire is longer and the umbilicus wider than in
any other species. It is coloured with three broad bands.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO LATIAXIS.

io?
Ss
ig?)

: p-
3. cariniferus, Sby. f. 6. 12. gyratus, Hinds. f. 10.
2. Deburghie, Rve. f. 5. 1. Mawe, Cray, f. 9.
7. diadema, A. Ad. f. 11. 6. muricatus, Hinds. f. 12,
4. elegans, Angas, f. 4. 13.
8. exfoliatus, Sby. f. 15. 14. nodosus, Adams, f. 17.
13. Eugenix, Bernardi, f. 16. 10. pagoda, Jonas, f. 2, 3.
9. fruticosus, Gould, f. 8. 15. rhodostoma, A. Ad. f. 14.
5. Gravesii, Brod. f. 7. 11. tortilis, A. Ad. f. 1.

a,
’
“>,
bs

yo en Cae eS ta ee ee

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

FASCIOLARIA.

Testa canalifera late fusiformis, medio vel supra medium
ventricosa, epidermide plerumque tenui induta; apertura
pyriformi, supra medium extensa, labio interno versus su-
turam calioso et canalifero, supra canalem triplicato, plica
inferiori majori, canali aperto. Operculum corneum, unguicu-
latum.—Distinguished among fusiform channelled shells by
the three plaits on the columella increasing in size down-
wards. F'. porphyrostoma and F. Thersites are aberrant in
form.

Species.

1. GIGANTEA, f. 1, 2, 29, 30, Kiener (Orb. ante ?).—Testa
magna ventricosa, solidiuscula, fulvo-rubescens, spiraliter
costis latis complanatis et minoribus intermediis cincta; an-
fractibus supra medium angulatis, tuberculis maximis solidis
munitis; apertura rubescenti, quam spira longiori labio
externo expanso, margine undato, canali recto brevi lato ;
epidermide fusco crassiusculo.—Figs. 1 and 2 represent, in my
view, the young state of this species, named by my late
father FP’. papillosa (Tanc. Cat. App.) as received by Reeve
and others, and probably F. Fischeriana by Kuster. Fig.
29 is from the British Museum specimen nearly two feet
long, and f. 30 from a fine, less-developed specimen in Mr.
Hanley’s collection. The shell figured by Kiener ranks be-
tween the two latter, and completes the chain connecting
F. papillosa with F. gigantea.

2. princers, f. 5, Sowerby.—Testa elongato-fusiformis,
utrinque acuminata, aurantia, epidermide fusco crasso induta,
G

10 FASCIOLARIA.

spiraliter costis rotundis distantibus cincta; spira eleganter
producta, anfractibus infra medium angulatim nodulosis ;
apertura pyriformi, vivide aurantia, intus rubro-lineata mar-
gine externo undulato, duplicatim dentato; operculo orna-
tim sulcato et laqueato.--Of a more elegantly sloping form
than F. gigantea, and having a deeply grooved and fluted
operculum.

3. coronatTa, p. 3, Lamarck.—Testa breviuscula fusiformis
fulvo-flavida vel fusco subeinerea, costellis distantibus et
alteris minoribus intermediis spiraliter cincta ; spira medioeri,
anfractibus supra medium angulatis declivibus, ad angulum
nodosis.—Figs. 14. a. b. and c. d. in Reeve’s Iconica probably
represent the same species, the former most nearly resem-
bling our fig. 3. In the collection of the late Mr. Taylor
there is a brighter shell with a more open texture.

4, rusirormis, f. 4, 31, Valenciennes.—Testa pallide
fulva vel ferruginea, gracile fusiformis spiraliter sulcata ;
anfractibus medio brevibus, superne subangulatis, superioribus
tuberculosis ; apertura supra canalem rotunda, margine cre-
nato.—The figure in Kiener’s Monograph is rounder and
less tubercular than the shell we figure from the British
Museum as identified by Reeve for F. fusiformis. Still the
two may possibly be but variations of the same species. Our
figure 31 is copied from Kiener, who gives it as from type in
the French Museum. It resembles #’. crocatws, Phil.

5. Luaupris, f. 10, 24, Adams and Reeve.—Testa sub-
pyriformis, fusco-cinerea, liris et striis intermediis spiraliter
cincta; spira conica breviuscula, acuminata, anfractibus
angulatis, superne declivibus, ad angulum subnodosis ; apice
acuminato subpapilloso; apertura pyriformi, columella
superne canaliculata, margine externo acute denticulato,
canali brevi, infra subacuminato; epidermide crassiuscula,
fusea.—This species was named as above several years before
its publication by Krauss as F. badia. Our fig. 10 is from
an uncharacteristic specimen. F. 26 is reduced from Mr.
Hanley’s type specimen.

6. FILAMENTOSA, f. 6, 7, 8, 9, Martini.—Testa anguste
fusiformis, striis tenuibus et filis albis, aurantiis et nigris
varie taniata; anfractibus plerumque angulatis ad angulum
nodosis, nodis frequenter fusco maculatis; spira producta,

FASCIOLARIA. 1a

acuminata ; canali elongato, angusto truncato.—Our figure 7
corresponds fairly with Lamarck’s description of his #. ferru-
ginea, which, with Kiener, I regard as a variety of this
species with more rounded and less tuberculated whorls.

7. TRAPEZIUM, f. 21, 22, 33, Linneus.—Testa solida,
quadrilateralis, epidermide fusca induta, spiraliter rubro-
lineata, supra medium angulato et tuberculis magnis armato,
anfractu ultimo infra conspicue vel inconspicue tuber-
culato; spira breviuscula, canali lato, truncato; apertura
magna, intus striata et rubro lineata, margine denticulato.—
The extreme form fig. 21 and the rather cylindrical shell
f. 23, have been separated as sub-species by Jonas under
the names of ponderosa and Audouinit.

8. Hrynemant, f. 11, Dunker.—Testa fusco-aurantia,
levis, subpyrulata; spira brevi, anfractibus prope suturam
angulatis, ad angulum tuberculis oblongo-rotundis armatis,
supra angulum declivibus ; apertura pyriformi, alba leviter
purpurea suffusa; anfractu ultimo obscurissime bilirato.—A
very characteristic Cape shell, of which the only specimens I
have seen are much worn, and have lost the purple tints
from which the species may have been named.

9. nigNaRIA, f. 18, Linnwus.—Testa angusta, recta
turrita fusiformis, subviride fulva, fusco fasciata lsevis ;
spira producta, anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum acute
tuberculatis, canali brevi, recto, truncato.—This well-known
Mediterranean species is the F. Tarentina of Lamarck.

10. Aurantiaca, f. 20, Lamarck.—Testa ventricosa,
subquadrangulata, aurantio rubroque variegata, spiraliter
quadriseriatim tuberculata, duplicatim sulcata, spira bre-
viuscula, anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum _ tuberculis
magnis munitis; apertura pyriformi, intus striata, margine
denticulato, canali brevi lato.—Commonly called the ‘ Per-
sian vest’ according to Lamarck, without reference to its
locality, which is unknown.

11. Persica, f. 19, Reeve.—Testa quam F. awrantiaca
latior, sulcis magis distantibus, tuberculis majoribus, inter-
stitiis maculis nigrescentibus ornatis——A much broader and
heavier shell than F. awrantiaca, with more distant flat-
tened grooves, and larger tubercles.

12 FASCIOLARIA.

12. cranoga, f. 25, Broderip. — Testa subpyriformis
levis, spiraliter suleata, epidermide granulato induta; spira
brevi lato, anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum tuberculis
trigonis magnis acutis armata; apice papilloso; apertura
pyriformi, salmonea, labio interno levi lato, labio externo
denticulato, canali producto acuminato.—The granular
character of the epidermis is not conspicuous except in
advanced stages of growth.

13. satmo, f. 26, Deshayes.—Testa leevis, castanea spira-
liter leviter suleata, pyriformis, superne bulbiformis, ventri-
cosa, epidermide laviusculo induta, spira brevi, apice papil-
loso, anfractibus angulatis, tuberculatis; tuberculis anfractuum
superiorum rotundis, vix prominentibus, versus ultimum
crescentibus, frequenter magnis acuminatis canali subtortuo,
acuminato; apertura pyriformi, salmonea, labio interno levi
tumido, labio externo denticulato.—The epidermis is smooth,
anda sort of obliquity appears to be characteristic of the
species. The tubercles are more rounded and less prominent
than those of the preceding in the upper whorls, but enlarge
towards the last.

14. Tuersirss, f. 15, Reeve.—Testa alba, spiraliter striata,
gracile fusiformis; spira breviuscula ; anfractibus brevibus,
superioribus angustis, antepenultimo et penultimo angulatis
et tuberculis magnis armatis, ultimo subquadrato, tuberculis
costeformibus paucis magnis munito; canali elongato, tor-
tuo.—A white striated shell, with a rather square, short
body-whorl, having large tubercles lengthened into thick
ribs, and a long narrow tortuons canal.

15, tuipa, f, 12, 13, 14.—Testa ovato-fusiformis, levis vel
leviter striata, griseo-fulvescens, maculis castaneis irregulari-
bus triseriatim fasciata, vel aurantia rufo variegata, anfracti-
bus ad suturam plus minusve sulgatis et crenulatis, spiraliter
nigro aut fusco lineatis; apertura pyriformi, margine crenato
et lineato.—F. Schepmachert is the name of the variety
fig. 12, which is a little more generally ribbed, and has
rather less ventricose whorls. The name ‘ canaliculata’ may
have been given to some specimen with an unusually cha-
nelled suture. '

16. pistans, f. 16, 17, Lamarck.—Testa quam F. tulipa
brevior, magis ovata, magis levis, lineis nigrescentibus

FASCIOLARIA. 13

distantibus cincta ; anfractibus ad suturam haud crenulatis,
haud sulcatis.—The striz, which in the preceding species
appear in the upper and lower parts of the shell, although
seldom all over, are quite absent in this species. This,
together with the distant spiral lines and the absence of

crenulation or groove at the suture will sufficiently distinguish
between the two.

17. porPHYROsTOMA, f. 27, 28, Adams and Reeve.—Testa
clavata, albida, pallida, superne ventricosa; spira_brevi,
apice papilloso ; anfractibus brevibus ; prope suturam angu-
latis, ad angulum regulariter tuberculatis, supra angulum
declivibus; canali elongato retrorsim elevato.—This shell
seems to bear the same relation to other species of the genus
Fasciolaria as Murex Motacilla does to Murices geuerally,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO FASCIOLARIA

antonit, Recl. = coronata,
sp. 3.
audouinit, Jonas = trape-

zium, sp. 7.
aurantiaca, Sowb. by error,
princeps, sp. 5.
aurantiaca, 10, Lamk. f. 20.
badia, Krauss. LUGUBRIS,
sp. 5.
canaliculatus, Val. tulipa, sp.

clava, Jonas = persica, sp.
11

coronata, 3, Lamk. f. 3.
crocata, Phil. = fusiformis,

sp. 4.
distans, 16, Lamk. f. 16, 17.
ferruginea, Lamk. = fila-

mentosa, sp. 6.

filamentosa, 6, Martini, f.
6-9.

fischeriana, Kuster = gigan-
tea, sp. l.

fusiformis, 4, Val. f. 4.

gigantea, 1, Kiener, f. 1, 2,
29, 30.

granosa, 12, Brod. § Sowb.
f. 25.

henymani, 8, Dunker. f. 11.

lignaria, 9, Linn. f. 18.

Iugubris, 5, dd. & Five. f.
10, 24.

papillosa,
tea, sp. 1.

persica, 11, Rve. f. 19.

ponderosa, Jonas = trape-
zium, sp. 7.

porphyrostoma, 17, Ad. &
Rve. p. 27, 28.

princeps, 2, Sowb. f. 5.

purpurea, Jonas = Heyne-
mani.

rugosa, Val. = tulipa.

salmo, 13, Desh. f. 26.

Sowb. = gigan-

schepmackeri, Dunk. = tu-
lipa, sp. 15.
tarentina, Lamk. lignaria,

sp. 9.
thersites, 14, Rve. f. 15.
trapezium, 7, Linn. f. 21,
22, 23.
tulipa, 15, Linn. f. 12-14.
valenciennesi, Kiener = Sal-
mo, sp. 13.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

HALIOTIS.

Padollus et Teinotis inclusis.

Harrotis, Linneus.—Testa oblique auriformis, plerumque
ovata, interdum orbicularis, raro attenuata, versus marginem
sinistrum spiraliter angulata, foraminibus plerumque_ bre-
viter tubiformibus uno serie sequentibus, prioribus tectis,
ultimis quatuor ad duodecenis apertis perforata ; intus mar-
garitacea, extus plerumque spiraliter et interdum concentrice
sculpta, varie picta; spira brevissima, aperta amplissima,
labio interno arcuato, planato, margaritaceo.—The ear-
shaped spiral shell, with a series of perforations on the left
side, is too familiar to need description, except as a matter of
form. Unlike many other genera, the genus Haliotis is
perfectly isolated in its characters, so that it cannot be con-
fused with any others. The only shells similar in form are
found in such genera as Stomatia, Sigaretus, &c., and these
have not the series of perforations on the left side so charac-
teristic of Haliotis. With regard, however, to the dis-
tinction of species, there are few reliable characters to be
depended on. For instance, the number of perforations suc-
cessively left open in the Jater stages of growth is no cri-
terion, except in one or two possible cases; and within the
supposed limits of a species there are often nearly as many
and as great variations in sculpture, form, convexity, &c.,
as between it and the nearest allied species. The genus
Padollus has been needlessly separated on account of a
spiral swelling without, corresponding to a channel within,
about half-way between the suture and the ridge of perfora-
tions; and TZeinotis on account of its very attenuated
form.
E

18 HALIOTIS.

Species.

1. qigaNTEA, f. 44, 45, 50, Chemnitz. — Testa magna
ovata convexa oblique undulatim rugata, spiraliter liris
subdistantibus subplanatis interstitiis planatis sculpta ; area
marginali lata, corrugata, nonnunquam costa tuberculata
magna divisa; disco externo rubescenti, vel obscure fusco ;
foraminibus magnis, erectis, tubulosis; labio interno con-
eavo arcuato, medio expanso.—The very large tubes surround-
ing the holes is the chief characteristic in this large Japanese
species. There are three varieties as shewn in our figures.
At first these appeared sufficiently marked to require specific
distinction, but on examining a number of large specimens
in the British Museum and Taylorian collections, I found
the characters on which I should have relied to be inter-
changeable. Fig. 45 is from a small specimen.

2. nontnata, f. 124, Sowerby.— Testa parva ovata de-
pressa fusca, concentrice rugata, liris validis spiralibus super
rugas squamoso-spinosas sculpta, area marginali costis tribus
spiniferis lirata et rugata; spira prominula, acuminata,
tuberculis foraminiferis tubiformibus extantibus. — Small,
oval, depressed, dark brown, concentrically wrinkled, sculp-
tured with strong spiral ridges forming squamose spines on
the wrinkles, marginal area with three rows of spines. Quite
possibly the unworn young state of H. gigantea, but whether
as a state or species, it is unique in Mr. Hauley’s collection.

3. Sresoipi, f. 72, Reeve.—Testa concava, obliqua, rubra,
antice attenuata spiraliter planato-lirata; spira terminali ;
labio interno obliquo, area marginali angusta.—I am strongly
inclined to believe this one-sided shell to be an abortion of
H, gigantea.

4, RurEScENS, f. 35, Swatnson.—Testa magna, crassa,
ovata, spiraliter rugose costata, oblique tuberculis crassis
magnis undata, rubra ; intus vivide purpureo viridique irides-
centi; medio laminis fuscis ornata; foraminibus magnis,
paucis tumidis.—A very thick, large, rugose shell; the ir-
regular spiral ribs being crossed with large tumid, oblique
swellings. Mr. Hanley’s magnificent specimen here figured
as reduced, is of a uniform coral red outside, while the
inside iridescence exhibits all the colours in great strength,

HALIOTIS. 19

ornamented with a sort of dark-margined lamination, green
and purple predominating. H. ponderosa of C. B. Adams
is probably a more than ordinarily thick and convex variety
of this species.

5. Discus, p. 32, Reeve. — Testa ovata, oblonga, tenuis
levis, obscure fusca, leviter spiraliter sulcata, oblique rugis
elongatis undata, angulo dorsali acuta, area marginali perpen-
diculariter profunda tuberculis foraminiferis prominentibus
subdistantibus, quaternis perviis; spira prominenti sub-
terminali.—A larger range of specimens would probably
connect this with H. Kamschathana.

6. KamscuarKana, f. 33, 34, Jonas.—Testa ovata, tumida,
fusca, versus spiram coloribus numerosis variegata, spiraliter
leviter suleata, oblique rugis magnis tuberosis undulata
versus aream spiralem tumida, area marginali supra medium
concava, tum tumida, tuberculata; tuberculis foraminiferis
prominentibus, subdistantibus, paucis.—It is chiefly in a
young state that the shell exhibits a mottling of various
colours, after which the colours tone down to brown or dull
red. ‘There is a considerable swelling in the area from the
suture and the middle, and the shells are less ovate-oblong
than those of discus, although intermediate specimens may
perhaps lead to the union of the apparent two species.

7. CoRRUGATA, f. 26, pl. iv. Gray.—Testa ovata, crassa, valde
convexa, spiraliter nodoso-lirata, nodulis irregularibus rugs
obliquas irregulares efformantibus ; spira decumbenti, fora-
minibus magnis, area marginali tuberculifera ; viridi fuscoque
fasciatim picta, intus vivide maculis purpureo-iridescentibus
ornata foraminibus magnis, paucis, tumidis.—A thick, convex
shell, with spiral knobbed ridges, crossed obliquely by
tubercular wrinkles. The interior pearl is_ brilliantly
iridescent with purple and green, and the muscular impres-
sion is curiously inlaid with dark semicircular lines; tuber-
cular perforations few, large, tumid.

8. mari#, f. 40, 41, Gray.—Testa etate juniori compla-
nata subrugata spiraliter latissime costata, deinde convexa,
tuberculata, ad marginem externum lobata, tuberculis forami-
niferis magnis.—The identity of H. marie of Gray with
the dentata of Jonas must be taken partly on the authority
of Mr. Reeve, who compared his shell with drawings sent by
Mr. Jonas. In the specimen which I figure (41), the flatness
of the early growth is very remarkable, and so is the tran-

20 HALIOTIS.

sition of character to be seen in the after-growth. A valu-
able specimen in the possession of Mr. Hanley illustrates an
intermediate stage of growth. On the whole, the evidence
of identity is not absolute.

9. ris, f. 24, 25, Gmelin.—Testa ovalis oblonga fusco-
viridis, rugis oblique radiantibus et liris spiralibus, inter-
stitiis concavis sculpta, spira parva, subterminali, apertura
vivide cxruleo, purpureo, viridique iridescenti, labio interno
lato, planato.—The obliquely radiating wrinkles and decussat-
ing strie tend to form symmetrically arranged pits between
them. In the brilliant iridescence of the interior, green and
purple prevail.

10. virGinea, f. 92, Chemnitz.—Testa convexa, ovato-ob-
longa, fusco-viridis, albo fulgurata, spiraliter granoso-lirata, ob-
lique plicata, spira subterminali, foraminibus, vix exsertis,
area marginali declivi; apertura viride iridescenti, tenuiter
rugata.—This shell is unmistakably figured in Chemnitz as
H. virginea. Dunker has seen this and figured it beau-
fully. Reeve applied the name to a shell which is plainly
the true marmorata of Linnzeus, and followed Philippi in
giving the name of H. Gibba to the present species. It
is an oval shell, having a sort of ‘quilted’ texture, and a
beautiful green iridescence within.

11. Grayana, f. 87, 111, Sowerby. — Testa ovata, con-
vexiuscula subdepressa, spiraliter depresso-costata, subviride
fulva, maculis postice marginatis variegata, labio externo
circa spiram expanso et extenso; spira subterminali.—The
supposed identification of this species as H. marmorata of
Linnzus by the late Dr. Gray must be regarded as a mistake.
The characters given do not identify it, and there are no
specimens of it in the Linnean collection, whereas the early
conchological writers, including Gmelin, refer to Martini’s
fig. 139, t. 14, v. 1, as illustrating the Linnean species, and
that figure corresponds with specimens in the Linnzan cabinet.
H. Grayana is a finely marked shell with spiral grooves,
rather flat, and remarkable for the manner in which the
outer lip coils round the spire at the suture.

12. SPLENDENS, f. 37, 38, 105, 106, Reeve.—Testa magna,
fusca vel fusco-viridis ovalis, depressa, solida, concentrice
tenuiter striata, spiraliter plano-lirata, liris latis, tenuissime
crenatis, interstitiis angustis planatis; spira subterminali, sub-

HALIOTIS. oi

decumbenti; foraminibus tubiformibus, mediocris ; apertura
splendide viridi, purpureo luteoque iridescenti, labio interno
crasso.— The well-known large, oval, flat-ridged species with a
green and purple iridescence is easy to distinguish from other
species. I have no doubt that Mr. Reeve’s H. planilirata
was described from a specimen of the green variety in a
young state, of which the exact counterpart can be traced
towards the apex of some full-grown specimens. Fig. 105,
with somewhat more robust sculpture, and white spots in the
centre, is from specimens in the British Museum. WH. inter-
texta of Lischke I believe to be a variety half grown.

13. Rnugoso-PLicaTAa, f. 9, 10, 53, Chemnitz. — Testa
ovalis, oblonga, valde concava, arcuata, pallide fulva nonnun-
quam radiatim variegata, spiraliter tenuiter nodoso-lirata,
oblique radiatim regulariter rugata, foraminibus numerosis
prominentibus; area marginali tricostata; apertura argentea,
eleganter rugata.—Of an oval, arched and convex form, beau-
tifully wrinkled with spiral and radiating ridges crossing
each other obliquely. This sculpture is inversely shewn in
the interior. I was about to name Mr. Hanley’s little shell
(fig. 53) as new, but found it to be a young specimen of the
present species.

14. Cracueropi, f. 13, Leach. — Testa dense viridis
nigrescens levis ovata, moderate convexa, crassiuscula, fora-
minibus distantibus, depressis; intus argentea.—A large
dark, green, smooth, oval shell, with few distant holes.

15. catirorniensis, f. 14, Swainson. — Testa H. Cra-
cherodii similis sed magis convexa, foraminibus multo magis
numerosis et approximatis.—Like 7. Cracherodii, but a much
more rounded and convex shell, with much more numerous
and approximate holes.

16. quaBra, f. 1, 2, Chemnitz. — Testa ovalis, depressa,
viridi-lutea, maculis fulvis acute angulatis variegata, laevigata
plus minusve leviter striata foraminibus parvis, spira fere
immersa subterminali; intus argentea, labio interno angusto,
planulato.—The angular brown spots which variegate this
smooth oval shell are sometimes drawn out into elongated
points.

Norr.—Ziczac, Reeve, described as being more deeply
striated than this species, cannot be distinguished in a number

29 HALIOTIS.

of specimens, which vary in striation as well as in markings
from each other.

17. Taytortana, f. 91, Reeve. — Testa oblongo-ovalis,
sublevigata, postice subattenuata, fusco viridis, maculis
fuscis nigro-marginatis picta, spiraliter leviter lirata intus
argentea, labio externo circa spiram extenso.—Of an elongate
oval form, with a generally smooth appearance, only modified
by slightly raised spiral ridges. The dark-edged spots upon
a blended brown and green ground form a strong character
in good specimens.

18. marmorata, f. 88, 89, Linnewws.—Testa ovalis, sub-
concava, striis spiralibus, varie duplicatis et alternatis cum
striis tenuibus decussata, medio vix depressa, rubra, maculis
albis medianis vel lateralibus variegata ; foraminibus parvis,
vix elevatis, area marginali lata subequaliter striata ; aper-
tura antice subtruncata, labio interno lato, planulato.—The
late Mr. Reeve figures the variety, fig. 89, as virginea of
Chemnitz, evidently by error. A somewhat smaller and
more rosy specimen is the type of his H. rosacea. Dunker
figures the variety fig. 88 as twberculata var. striata of
Linneus. To me it seems plain that the species now given
is the true marmoratus of Linneus, as figured by Martini and
accepted by Gmelin and Dillwyn. It is the decussata of
Philippi.

19. Grunert, f. 57, Philippi.— Testa ovalis subcom-
planata, concentrice leviter undulatim plicata, spiraliter
liris elevatis, crebris minutissime squamosis sculpta; fusca
rufescens, maculis magnis vividis variegata; tuberculis
foraminiferis parviusculis, 9 perviis; intus argentea.—The
very finely scaled ridges give a softened raspiness of texture
to this beautiful shell, which is brown, varied with spots of
darker colour.

20. tuBERCULATA, f. 66, 67, 102, 115, Linnewws.—Testa
ovata convexiuscula, tenuiter spiraliter striata, fusco, rubro, vel
viridiangulatim variegata ; radiatim plus minusveirregulariter
plicata ; area marginali post angulum foraminiferum excavata,
tum versus marginem tumida, rugose lirata.—-Generally of
the usual oval form, with a tendency to shew undulating
plaits ; strize variable, seldom raised, in couplets or equal;
marginal area hollow under the tubercular ridge, then turned
and coarsely ribbed. The elongated specimen, f. 102, belong-

HALIOTIS. 23

ing to Mr. Hanley, has occasioned some doubt, but the
characters are not sufficiently decided for separation. In this
species the young shells are generally rather narrower than
when more mature. Fig. 115 represents a very ordinary
appearance of the younger stage, and it seems probable that
the H. striata of Linnzeus is from a similar young specimen,
of which there are several in his collection.

21. pistrIATA, f. 99, 100, Gmel.—tTesta H. tuberculate
similis, sed liris validis rugosis elevatis, decussatis, plerum-
que alternatis sculpta—Like 7. tuberculata, but having
thick raised ribs roughened with cross striz, unequal and
sometimes alternate. It is difficult to find a definite line of
demarcation between this species and the more coarsely
sculptured varieties of the preceding.

22. aurernata, f. 51, Sowerby. — Testa ovata, concava
subviridis, maculis subquadratis super costas picta, costis
undulatis latis, alternis minoribus sculpta; spira elevatius-
cula, lata, apertura argentea labio interno lato complanato.
—Distinguished by broad flattened, alternating ridges upon
which are painted occasional brown spots. The specimen
here figured is slightly undulated, but some occur in the
British Museum in which the undulations are raised into
thick wrinkles.

23. aQquatiLis, f.97, Reeve.-—Testa H. tuwherculate similis,
striis spiralibus fere evanidis ; pallide fulva, maculis magnis
fusco-viridis angulatim undatis picta, versus marginem liris
sublaminatis concentricis rugata.—A shell in which the striz
are nearly obsolete, ranging between H. tuberculata and H.
laminata, having the form of one and a few laminated ridges
like those of the other. It may perhaps be only a variety of
the former, which sometimes shews similar ridges.

24. sepicutaTa, f. 60, Reeve.—Testa ovata subconvexa,
radiatim irregulariter plicata, spiraliter costellis erectis acute
rugosis lirata, fusco subviride variegata. Formed like J/.
tuberculata, but ridged with close-set elevated and sharply
roughened riblets, which are much more close and equal than
those of H. bistriata.

25. pertusa, f. 58, Reeve. — Testa ovata oblonga sub-
levigata, spiraliter punctatim incisa, fusea, versus marginem
externum laminatim plicata; foraminibus subconspicuis.—

24 HALIOTIS.

The characters of this species are not very decided; the
pricks in the grooves being difficult to see without a lens,
They are caused, as in other species, by fine crossing striz
which are obsolete on the flat surface of the ridges.

26. mMuLTipERFoRATA, f. 59, Reeve. — Testa ovato-subob-
longa, antice attenuata, fusco viridique variegata, subrugosa,
spira parva, cuprea; foraminibus numerosis, rotundis.—I
doubt much whether this species is specifically distinct from
H. sanguinea, but it does not shew the same width and
inflation in the spiral or upper portion, nor the same degree
of contraction in the middle, and towards the end.

27. sancuineA, f. 93, 94, Hanley.—Testa ovato-oblonga,
postice subrotunda, tumida, antice subattenuata medio con-
tracta, fusca nigricanti, oblique rugata; foraminibus
rotundis, approximatis ; area marginali spiraliter lirata; aper-
tura argentea, intus ad spiram sanguineo tincta.—Swollen
towards the spine, contracted in the middle and attenuated
towards the anterior extremity, darkly coloured and wrinkled.
The apex outside has a coppery tint and inside a streak of
blood-colour. It is difficult to distinguish very young speci-
mens of this from those of H. Mide, but the former shew a
minute spiral beading, and the latter are smooth.

28. ruGosA, f. 98, Reeve. — Testa fusca, irregulariter
ovata, concentrice subundata, spiraliter valide lirata, liris
inzequalibus, planatis, carina tuberculifera elevata foraminibus
majusculis ; area marginali rugose lirata.—A coarsely ribbed
brown shell, with the tuberculiferous ridge prominent and the
holes rather large.

29. LAMELLOSA, f. 27, 29, 30, Lamarck.—Testa ovato-
oblonga, spiraliter conspicue lirata, concentrice oblique pli-
cata, plicis elevatis, undatis, subramosis, angulo tuberculifero
elevato acuto, area dorsali excavata, medio costata——The
variety f. 29 Japonica, Reeve, differs no more from the
typical ideal than other varieties differ among themselves.

30. RETICULATA, f. 76, 96, 122, 126, Reeve.—Testa ovato-
oblonga depresso-subeomplanata, spiraliter striata, obscure
fusca, maculis subtrigonis fuscis et parvis albidis reticulata,
angulo submarginali clevato, acuto; prope marginem exter-
num nonnunquam laminatim rugata.—I can see no reasona-
ble ground for separating Reeve’s incisa, f. 76, or the var. f.

HALIOTIS. 25

96, with a few laminated wrinkles, from this species. The
angular markings, cut up into a sort of reticulation and
intermingled in some varieties with white specks, constitute
the peculiarity of the species, which is flattened and very
angular at the dorsal ridge.

31. Janus, f. 81, Reeve.—Testa H. reticulate similis, spi-
raliter striata, medio et versus suturam aurantio-subviridis,
disco versus angulum dorsalem late albo fasciato, maculis
magnis purpureo-fuscis picto.—It. is with some doubt that I
treat this species as distinct from the preceding, but the
dorsal dise is spirally divided into two parts as to colour,
namely, the half nearest the spire dull orange, and that near
the ridge white with dark spots.

32. specrosa, f. 107, 108 (?), 123, Reeve-—Testa oblongo-
ovata planulata, medio depressa, spiraliter subleevigatim
striata, fulva, maculis maximis rubris nigro-marginatis picta,
margine tuberculifero valde angulato; foraminibus par-
viusculis, approximatis.—Oblong-ovate, rather flat, depressed
in the middle, variegated with red or orange patches of
colour, the patches being bordered with dark lines. The
perforated tubercles are rather small. It is not easy to fix
the bounds of this species, but it is probable that the very
similarly formed shell taken haphazard by Mr. Reeve for
H, striata, Linn. f. (108), belongs to it, although the style
of variegation is unlike.

33. Cocctnna, f. 64, 95, 120, Reeve.—Testa oblongo-
subovata, tate juniorl rugosa, vivide coccineo variegata,
deinde spiraliter subrugose lirata, concentrice rude plicata
interstitiis tenuissime striatis, area marginali spiraliter lirata.
—As in the case of many other species when the early character
differs from the after-development, the change takes place at
various stages. Thus we have a shell, say an inch and three-
quarters long, retaining the early crumpled scarlet-mottled
character, and another large brown shell sculptured with flat-
tened ridges, and only half an inch of the bright variegated
red towards the spire. The specimen figured as 120 is from
the late Mr. Taylor’s collection, and is peculiar in the dupli-
cate character of some of the ridges and the widening of the
shell towards the anterior termination.

34. zeLanpica, f. 90, Reeve.-—Testa ovato-oblonga, fulva,
maculis trigonis fuscis variegata, tenuiter liratim inequaliter
Pr

26 HALIOTIS.

sculpta.—This shell does not differ very greatly from some
variations of H. nebulata. It has a more elongated form,
and a different character of marking.

35. NEBULATA, f. 8, 56, Reeve.-—Testa oblongo-ovata viridi
fuscoque nebulata, convexa, levigata, inter liras planatas
inciso-striata ; spira angusta, subterminali, exserta; area
marginali rotundata acute lirata.—Oblong-ovate, green and
brown, clouded with generally undefined spots, sculptured
with incised striz defining flat ridges. Spire small, promi-
nent; holes small. H. revelata, of Deshayes (56) found on
the shores of the Mauritius, is plainly identical with this.

36. astnina, f. 3, 4, Linnwws.—Testa elongata, angusta,
arcuata, levigata, utrinque tumida, medio depressa, postice
acuminata, antice subtruncata, versus spiram distanter lirata,
glauca, viridi vel fusco angulatim variegata ; area marginali
leviter distanter lirata; intus argentea, labio externo medio
sinuoso; labio interno tenui, erecto, foraminibus majusculis ;
spira parva, terminali.—This long and elegantly arched species
is well known, and the propriety of its name acknowledged.
The side nearest the suture is swelled in its whole length, the
middle depressed, and the other side rounded. The apex is
nearly terminal and acuminated, and the anterior end is
truncated.

37. Hantryana, f. 28, Sowerby.—Testa rubro variegata,
intus argentea, rugosa, anguste subtrapezoidea, concentrice
rugis crassis elevatis undulatis laminata, spiraliter elevatim
lirata, liris ineequalibus, subalternatis; spira acuta, valde
elevata, anfractibus angulatis ; area marginali tuberculatim
costata.—Laminated more thickly and roughly than H. la-
mellosa, and chiefly remarkable for its exserted and elevated
spire, in which respect it resembles H. stomaticeformis.
I am indebted for this beautiful species to Mr. Sylvanus
Hanley.

38, STOMATLEFORMIS, f. 22, 23, Reeve.-—Testa oblique
oblonga subtrapezoidea, spiraliter inciso-striata, versus spiram
tumida, concentrice liris elevatis rugata; medio depressa
ad angulum acuta, tuberculis parvis; pallide fulva, maculis
apgulatis aurantiacis variegata; spira elevata exserta, an-
fractibus angulatis; apertura antice subquadrata.—This shell,
like H. Hanleyana and H. elevata, has the spire much
raised, so as to resemble Stomatia phymotis. The variety

HALIOTIS. a7

figured in our last plate represents H. neglecta of Philippi,
and is undoubtedly identical with our present species.

39. ELEVATA, f. 116, 117, Sowerby.—Testa oblique sub-
trapezoidea, stomatieformis, subviridis, viridi versus angulum
late fasciata, spiraliter elevatim lirata, liris squamatis; spira
elevata cuprea, anfractibus obtuse angulatis.—Having the
same stomatia-like form as the preceding, but with strong
scaly ridges, and the whorls of the elevated spire more sloped.

40. squamata, f. 62, 68, 118, Aeeve.—Testa ovato-oblonga
angusta arcuata, spiraliter rude et inzequaliter lirata, liris
squamosis ; plerumque rubro et fusco variegata.—Our fig. 68
doubtlessly represents the most characteristic, because the most
scaly, form of this species. Fig. 62 is less roughly squamose.
It is a beautifully mottled shell belonging to Mr. Hanley. It
is difficult to know where H. syuamata ends and where the
next species, H. funebris, begins, but I think fig. 70, repre-
senting a shell with smooth ridges, fairly meets the descrip-
tion of the latter.

41. runesris, f. 70, Reeve.—Testa H. squamate similis
sed magis ovata, vix arcuata, liris vix squamatis.—The
numerous specimens we have examined of the preceding
species vary very much in the scaliness of the ridges; but
the present is almost too smooth to be called scaly.

42. squamosa, f. 52, Gray.—Testa ovata, depressa rubro
fuscoque variegata, liris magnis spiralibus squamatis, nodosis,
interstitiis profundis sculpta; intus rugata; labio interno
angustiusculo; margine externo denticulato; spira subim-
mersa, foraminibus prominentibus subdistantibus.—Very
strongly sculptured with prominent squamose and _ tuber-
culated ridges, and deep furrows between.

43. piversicoLor, f. 69, Reeve.-—Testa oblongo-ovalis,
convexa sublevigatas, tenuiter lirata, coloribus variis viride
variegata; spira fere terminali.—The sculpture is much more
fine and depressed than in H. funebris, and the colours are
brilliantly variegated.

44, ELEGANS, f. 82, 119, Koch.—Testa elongata, arcuata,
antice attenuata, straminea, obscure aurantio variegata,
spiraliter costata, costis elevatis angustis subsquamatis,
interstitiis profundis latiusculis, spira parva, terminali,
tuberculis foraminiferis distantibus area marginali angusta

28 HALIOTIS.

profunde lirata; apertura elongata, margine dentato, ad
terminum truncata.—The nearest in form to H. asininus,
but sculptured with narrow but deep and wall-like sharp-
edged ridges.

45. JACNENSIS, f. 48, Reeve-—Testa oblonga, subaurantia,
profunde spiraliter lirata; spira parva, tuberculis foramini-
feris prominentibus, area marg nali subdivaricatim rugosa.—
A curious little oblong species of a dull orange colour, with
very deeply cut ridges.

AG. vant, f. 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 61, Linnwus.—Testa ovato-
convexa spiraliter striata coloribus variis frequenter radiatim
picta, liris subdistantibus. inzequalibus, hine illic nodosis
rugata; spira latiuscula exserta, area versus angulum fora-
miniferum levigata; foraminibus prominulis.—Varying very
much in form and colours, but agreeing in the general cha-
racter of the sculpture, which consists in an alternating
or irregular mixture of small spiral strize, with some larger,
having knobs at uncertain distances. In the variety named
semistriata, Reeve, f. 11, on half the disc nearest the per-
forations the strize are obsolete. In Mr. Hanley’s beautiful
specimen (f, 12) this is partly the case through a portion of
the semicircle,

47. pustuuata, f. 112, Reeve-—Testa H. varie similis sed
versus spiram latior, subcomplanata autice attenuata, nodis
striisque minoribus.—The sculpture is finer, the spiral region
broader and flatter, and the anterior part narrower than in
H, varia. These differences are, however, of questionable
specific value,

48. astricta, f. 83, Reeve.—Testa H. varie similis, magis
oblonga, subconcentrice rugata, spiraliter tenuiter striata, vix
nodosa, pallida, viridi fuscoque subfasciatim variegata, —
Narrower than 7. varia, pustulata, and with fine sharp
striae intersecting wrinkles and deep lines of growth. The
rugose sculpture is finer and closer, and wants the pustules of
T. varia.

49, concrnna, f. 46, 54, Reeve. — Testa complanata, sub-
ovata, postice lata, antice subattenuata, lactea, rubro viridique
variegata, spiraliter lirata, liris distantibus elevatis, undu-
latim nodosis interstitiis irregularibus tenuibus ; foraminibus
prominulis, parviusculis ; apice fere immerso.—The sculpture

HALIOTIS. 29

is somewhat finer, but quite as irregular as in HW. varia. The
flatness and breadth of the spire and comparative attenuation
of the anterior give a different appearance to the shell. The
prevalence of bright scarlet in the markings is noticeable.
Mr. Reeve named the species from a very young and un-
characteristic specimen.

50. venusta, f. 55, Adams and Reeve.—Testa planata,
angusta, H. concinne similis, nodis magis regularibus ; tuber-
culis foraminiferis magis exsertis et distantibus, tubuli-
formibus; labio interno lato, planato ; area marginali excavata
ad marginem carinata ; disco albo, rubro vel fusco variegato.
—Resembling fH. concinna, with the nodules more regular
and the intermediate striz: wanting. The aperture is con-
tracted by the breadth of the flattened margin. The perfor-
ated tubercles are prominent, tubular, and few.

51. cruENtA, f. 63, 101, Reeve.—Testa planato-subrotunda,
postice lata, antice subattenuata, spiraliter striata, fulva,
maculis fuscis vel sanguineis variegata, intus argentea, labio
interno angusto.—One of the broad flat-headed species,
spirally striated, fulvous, angularly flashed with brownish red,
generally attenuated towards the anterior end. Some shells
dredged by Mr. Macandrew at Suez seem to belong to this
species.

52. coco-RaDIATA, 75, 79, 101, Reeve. — Testa suborbi-
culari-ovata, planiuscula, fulva, strigis viride coccineis radia-
tim fulgurata, tenuiter spiraliter striata, frequenter antice
subattenuata.—The broad radiating flashes of crimson give a
peculiar character to this shell. H. navosa often has
similar rays but is rounder, more convex and scabrous. The
younger shells of the two species are very similar.

53. gemma, f. 109, 123, Reeve. — Testa orbicularis sub-
complanata, spiraliter liris undulatis minutissime squamosis,
wtate juniori tuberculatis sculpta; fulva, maculis viridis
coceineis fuscisque variegata; tuberculis foraminiferis sub-
tubiformibus.—Rather flatly orbicular, spirally sculptured
with wavy ridges very minutely squamose. The type is a
very small shell with minute tubercles, but in more advanced
specimens the wrinkles and fine squamose ridges are seen, and
in this state it is described as H. Dorhniana by Dunker.
It is prettily mottled with red, green, and dark brown.

30 HALIOTIS.

54. puanata, f. 74, Carpenter. — Testa orbicularis, sub-
ovata, complanata, minute squamoso-lirata, margine circa
spiram expanso; spira fere immersa, lata; pallide viridis,
nigro variegata, labio interno angusto, planatissimo.—This is
the flattest of all the species ; it has a broad, immersed spire,
and is sculptured with fine, close, scaly ridges.

55. rupiainosa, f. 71, Reeve.-—Testa ovato-subquadrata,
convexa, concentrice regulariter undatim rugata, spiraliter
valide regulariter lirata, fulva, rubro late bifasciata, ad spiram
variegata: tuberculis foraminiferis parviusculis, tuberosis,
prominentibus.—The regular concentric wrinkles are crossed
by deeply cut ridges, producing a roughly symmetrical
effect.

56. mxcavaTa, f. 21, 26, Lamarck. — Testa orbicularis
valide convexa, spiraliter lirata, liris granosis alternatis ; prope
suturam subconcentrice rugata, pallide fulva radiis obliquis
viridis fusco marginatis picta; area marginali granoso-lirata,
transverse fasciis viridis fusco marginatis picta; spira elevata,
subcentrali, rotunda ; apertura argentea, labio interno angusto
concavo.-—_Rounded and very convex, with wrinkles near the
suture and spiral granulated ridges alternating in size. The
inner lip is narrow and slopes down into the concavity of the
interior. External colour, radiating flashes of green, edged
with brown on a pale buff ground.

57. aupBicans, f. 20, Quoy.— Testa ovato-suborbicularis,
sublevigata, convexa, spiraliter tenuiter lirata, fulva, rufo
radiata ; spira lata, rotunda, anfractibus rotundatis ; forami-
nibus parvis; apertura pallide argentea, levi; labio interno
arcuato, subconcavo.—A comparatively smooth shell of a buff
colour with obliquely radiating bands of reddish brown. It
is of a rounded oval, very convex form, and the holes are
small.

58. CUNNINGHAMIL, p. 36, Gray.— Testa magna subro-
tunda, fulva subradiatim fusco rubescenti variegata, spiraliter
tenuiter striata, disco mediano subcomplanato, undulato ;
angulo dorsali prominenti, area marginalisubexcavata angusta ;
spira lata, subprominenti; apertura argentea.— Large, rather
round fulvous, variegated with large patches of brown, finely
spirally striated; middle dise rather flattened, spire broad,
rather raised. This attains a very large size.

HALIOTIS. ok

59. NEVosA, f. 73, 39, Martyn. — Testa suborbicularis,
rubra, nonnunquan radiis obliquis variegata, intus argentea,
spiraliter minute scabroso-striata, rugis oblique radiatis un-
data ; tuberculis foraminiferis prominentibus, octonis perviis ;
spira lata rotunda.—Some varieties of this rounded scabrous
shell are beautifully varied with rays of scarlet or brown, as
in the small shell f. 75. Carefully comparing Reeve’s H.
clathrata with the spiral portion of this species, I am con-
vineced that the former represents the early structure of the
latter. I believe the sulcosa of Philippi to be a rather
rounded and convex form of the same species.

60. roxEI, f. 77, 78, Gray.—Testa ovato-orbicularis, liris
validis squamatis interstitiis profundis sculpta; rubra, vel
fusca; spira lata rotunda subcentrali prominenti; area
marginali rotunda.—Ovately orbicular, with large scaly spiral
ridges. The spire is rounded and subcentral. H. scabricostata,
Menke, is the same species.

61. mipa, f. 31, 125, Linneus.— Testa etate juniori
laevigata vel tenuissime striata, deinde luteo rufescenti,
laminis undulatis oblique subconcentricis, extantibus pro-
funde corrugatis; labio externo circa spiram in laminam
marginalem longe extenso.—Very peculiarly wrinkled with
waved erect laminz. The outer margin of the lip is extended
round the spire so as to form a marginal plait reaching to the
other side. The young shell is finely striated and has a
smooth appearance, resembling the young of H. sanguinea.
The shell figured by Philippi as H. Capensis, Dunker, is an
undeveloped H. mide.

62. putcnuerrima, f. 47, Martyn.—Testa rotunda, con-
vexa, rubra vel rubro radiata oblique radiatim liris crenu-
latis rugata, area marginali erecta, divaricatim et crenulatim
lirata, spira rotunda, exserta, subcentrali, foraminibus parvis,
tubzeformibus.—This beautiful little species is convex and
rounded with red all over or red-rayed, wrinkled in oblique
crenulated rays.

63. scutuLum, f. 80, 104? Reeve.—Testa ovato-subro-
tunda, subcomplanata postice latiuscula, viridi fuscoque
obscure variegata, spiraliter liris distantibus subarticulatis
sculpta; spira lata, decumbenti.—Rather wide and flat at
the spiral end, with spiral articulated distant ridges; of a
dark colour, variegated obscurely with green and brown.

32 HALIOTIS,
If the shell drawn as f. 104 belongs to this species, it is of
a somewhat abnormal growth and sculpture,

64. anciue, f. 65, Reeve.—Testa rotunda, convexa, antice
paulo attenuata, spiraliter undatim lirata; circa suturam pli-
cata, roseo-cuprea subviridis ; foraminibus parvis numerosis ;
spira elevata, lata, subcentrali, anfractibus rotundatis.—A more
convex and delicately sculptured shell than H. scutellwm.

65. ovina, f.84, 85, 86, Chemnitz.—Testa ovato-rotundata,
subleevigata, convexo-depressa radiatim et spiraliter tuber-
culata, rubro viridi fuscoque picta; spira subcentrali, sub-
angulata, prominenti, foraminibus prominentibus rotundis
tubiferis; area marginali versus angulum excavata, tum
spiraliter lirata; apertura argentea, labio interno lato planato.
—The tubercles in some specimens run into each other, and
radiate like the spokes of a wheel. The foraminiferous tubercles
are peculiarly tubular and regular. H. papulata, as repre-
sented in the B. M. collection, appears to be this species in a
junior state.

66. Drinat, f. 42, Reeve.—Testa orbicularis, subdepressa,
flavida, rubro variegata, intus argentea, extus spiraliter seriatim
nodosa, tuberculis foraminiferis prominentibus, parvis; spira
lata, planulata.x—Orbicularly depressed, with nodules spirally
arranged; spire broad, foraminiferous tubercles small but promi-
nent; colour yellowish, varied with red spots and flashes.
The shell may be only a young growth of some larger species.

67. rnuBicuNDA, f. 18, 19, Gray.—Testa orbicularis de-
pressa, fulva rubro-variegata, medio subconcava, concentrice
laminis septiformibus extantibus divisa, versus aream mar-
ginalem costa valida spiraliter squamoso-lirata circumvallata ;
angulo foraminifera costeformi, tuberculis prominentibus,
rotundis ; area marginali concava, ad marginem in costam
tuberculatam elevata; apertura tricanaliculata.—The most
remarkable character of this species is the broad solid spiral
rib a little past the centre from the suture, with which it is
connected by upright laminz. The foraminiferous ridge and
the tubercles upon it form a second rib, and the raised and
tubercular outer margin a third, all three represented by
channels in the interior.

68. Emma, f. 16, Gray.—Testa fulva squamosa rnbro
variegata, J7. rubicunde similis, sed laminis extantibus

HALIOTIS. ou

antice fere obsoletis, costa subcentrali haud tantum elevata,
area marginali vix costata.—The more striking characters of
H. rubicunda are present in this species in a smaller degree,
but the raised laminz connecting the suture with the sub-
central rib are only seen in the earlier whorls of the shell.

69. parva, f. 17, Linnews.—Testa aurantia fusco-viridis
aut variegata, ovato-depressa, medio subexcavata, tum costa
cincta, margine tuberculifero prominenti, area marginali ex-
cavato, margine unicostato.—Of various patterns as to colour,
this shell exhibits the peculiar character which connects it with
the ‘ padollus’ group ; namely the spiral rib in the centre of
the disc.

70. LauTA, f. 15, Reeve.—Testa subovata, depressa, antice
attenuata, spiraliter striata, medio leviter unicostata ; spira
latiuscula, decumbenti.—In this species the central rib is but
slightly shown.

71. Brazirt, f. 43, 114, Angus.—Testa rotunda subcom-
planata levi rubra vel rubro variegata, medio tumida vel
costa spirali subobscure cincta, foraminibus magnis erectis
tubulosis spira rotunda lata subcentrali—The specimen
figured in the zoological proceedings seems, instead of pre-
serving the smooth rounded equal-coloured form of our
museum shell, to have developed into a shell somewhat
resembling H. lauta, with variegated colouring and rather
strong central rib.

35

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO HALIOTIS.

albicans, 57, Quoy, f. 20.
alternata, 22, Sowb. f. 51.
ancile, 64, Rve. f. 65.
aquatilis, 23, Rve. f. 97.
asinina, 36, Ivnn. f. 3, 4.
astricta, 48, Rve. f. 83.
australis, Gmel. rugosopli-
cata, Ch. sp. 13.
bistriata, 21, Gimel. £. 99,100.
brazieri, 71, Angus, f. 48,
114.

ealiforniensis, 15, Swazns. f.

canaliculata, Lam. parva,
Linn. sp. 69.

canaliculata, Schub.
cunda, Gray, sp. 67.

capensis, Dunk. mide, Linn.
sp. 61

clathrata, Rve. nevosa,
Young. Mart. sp. 59.

coccinea, 33, Five. f. 64, 95,
120.

coccoradiata, 52, Rwve. f. 75,
79, 103.

concinna, 49, Rwe. f. 46, 54.

corrugata, 7, Gray, f. 26.

costata, Swa. rugosoplicata,
Ch. sp. 13.

cracherodii, 14, Leach, f. 13.

crenata, Swa. varia, Linn.
sp. 46.

crispata, Gould.; not iden-
tified.

cruenta, 51, Rve. f. 63, 101.

rubi-

cunninghamii, 58, Gray, f. 36.

decussata, Phil. marmorata,
Linn. sp. 18.

dentata, Jonas, marie, Gray,
sp. 8.

discus, 5, Rve. f. 32.

diversicolor, 43, Rve. f. 69.

dohrniana, Dunk. gemma,
Rve. sp. 53.

dringii, 66, ve. f. 42.

echinata, 2, Sowb. f. 124.

elegans, 44, Koch. f. 82,
119

elevata, 39, Sowb. f. 116,
117

emma, 68, Gray, f. 16.
excavata, 56, Lam. f. 21,
26.

exigua, Dunker.; not iden-
tified.

Jjiciformis, Menke. sanguinea,
Hanl. sp. 27.

fulgens, Phil. splendens, Rve.
sp. 12

p. 12.
funebris, 41, Rve. f. 70.
gemma, 53, Ive. f. 109, 123.
gibba, Phil. virginea, Ch. sp.

10.

gigantea, 1, Chemn. f. 44,
45, 50.

glaber, Schub. cracherodii,
Leach. sp. 14.

glabra, 16, Chemn. f. 1, 2.

grayana, 11, Sowb. f. 87,
Ti.

gruneri, 19, Phil. f. 57.

guineensis, Gmel. tubercula-
ta, var. ?

hanleyana, 37, Sowb. f. 28.

hargreavesit, Cox, Roei, Gray,
sp. 60.

interrupta, Val.; not iden-
tified.

iris, 9, Ginel. f. 24, 25.

jacnensis, 45, five. f. 48.

janus, 31, Five. f. 81.

japonica, Rve. lamellosa, Lam.

sp. 29.
kamschatkiana, 6, f. 33, 34.
lamellosa, 29, Lam. f. 27,
29, 30.

latilabris, Ph. ovina, Ch. sp.
50.

lauta, 70, Rve. f. 15.

maculata, Kust.
Rive. sp. 337

maculosa, Kuster. coccinea,
var. sp. 33.

marie, 8, Gray, f. 40, 41.

marmorata, Gray, not Linn.
grayana, Sby. sp. 11.

marmorata, 18, Linn. f. 88,
oo :

midx, 61, Linn. f. 31, 125.

multiperforata, 26, Rve. f.
59.

neevosa, 59, Martyn, 39, 73.

neevosa, Phil. not Martyn,
cunninghami, sp. 58.

nebulata, 35, ve. f. 8,
56.

neglecta, Phil. stomatieefor-
mis, Ive. sp. 38.

nitidissima, Chem. pulcher-
rima, Martyn, sp. 62.

nodosa, Phil. corrugata, Gray,
sp. 7.

ovina, 65, Chemn. f. 84, 85,
86.

papulata, Rve. ovina, young,
Ch. sp. 65?

parma, Val. not identified.

coccinea,

36

parva, 69, Linn. f. 17.
pertusa, 25, Rve. f. 58.
planata, 54, Carp. f. 74.
planilirata, Rve. splendens,
Five. sp. 12.
ponderosa, C, B. Ad. rufes-
cens, Sw. sp. 4.
pulcherrima, 62,
f. 47.
pustulata, 47, Rve. f. 112.
radiata, Desh. ovina ?
reticulata, 30, Rve. f. 76, 96,

Martyn,

121, 126.
revelata, Desh. nebulata, Rve.
sp. 35.
rodingui, Phil. squamosa,

Gray, sp. 42.

roei, 60, Gray, f. 77, 78.

rosacea, Rve. marmorata,
Linn. sp. 18.

rubicunda, 67, Gray, f. 18,
nS)

rubiginosa, 55, Eve. f. 71.

rufescens, 4, Swains. f. 35.

rugosa, Lam.; uncertain.

rugosa, 28, live. f. 98.

rugosoplicata, 15, Chemmn.
i, Os 0; tes:

sanguinea, 27, Hanl. f. 93,
94.,

scabricostata, Menke. Roei,
Gray, sp. 60.

scaluris, Leach.
Gray, sp. 67.

schrétert, Menke.

rubicunda,

scutulum, 63, Five. f. 80,
104.

secernenda, Montes. reticu-
lata, sp. 30 P

semiplicata, Menke.; not
identified.

semistriata, Rve. varia, Linn.
sp. 46.

sepiculata, 24, Ive. f. 60,
sieboldii, 3, Rve. f. 72.
spadicea, Krauss, sanguinea

Hanl.

speciosa, 32,
108 (?), 121.

splendens, 12, Rve. f.
38, 105, 106.

squamata, 40, Rve. f. 62, 68,
118.

squamosa, 42, Gray, f. 52.

stomatizformis, 38, Rve. f.
22, 23, 118.

striata, Linn., not known
tuberculata, young?

striata, Rve. not Linn. spe-
ciosa var. ?

sulcosa, Ph. reticulata var. ?

supertezta, Lischke, splen-
dens, Rve? sp. 12.

tayloriana, 17, Rve. f. 91.

37,

’

ye. £. 107, |

tricostalis, Lam.
Gray, sp. 67,
tuberculata, 20, Linn. f. 66,
67, 102, 115.
tubifera, Lam. gigantea, Ch.
sp. l.
uniluteralis, Lam.; not iden-
tified.
varia, 46, Linn. f. 5, 6, 7
Lol
venusta, 50, Ad. § Rve. f. 55.
virginea, Rve. not Ch. mar-
morata, Linn. sp. 18.
virginea, 10, Chemn. f.92, 110.
zelandica, 34, Ive. f. 90.
ziczac, Rve. glabra, Chemn.
sp. 16,

rubicunda,

b]

39

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS.

SIGARETUS, Lamarck.

Including Naticina, Gray.

GeENvs SiGARETUS.—Testa fere tecta, auriformis ovato-sub-
orbicularis vel ovato-subconica subumbilicata, plerumque
spiraliter incisa vel lirata; spira brevi, interdum immersa,
ultimo magno inflato ; apertura magna labio interno medio
et supra plerumque incrassato.—Operculum corneum parvum
unguiculatum planatum.—The shell is nearly covered by the
lobes of the animal, which is proportionally large. The more
typical species are depressed, ovate or orbicular, with very
short spire and large body-whorl, with expanded mouth.
They present little variation in sculpture, and few of them
have colour. In the ‘ Naticina’ group the shells are perpen-
dicular and conical. The operculum is supposed to be
rudimentary, but a figure is given in Delessert.

Species.
Sect. I.—Oblique auriformis.

1. concavus, f. 8-11, 18, 19, Lamarck.—Testa globosa,
fusco-straminea, intus castanea vel omnino albida, spiraliter
valide suleata spira exertiuscula frequenter lirida, ultimo
anfractu latere ventrali ventricoso, post labium internum
excavato; apertura subpyriformi antice rotunda, labio interno
incrassato.—Of a globose form, with the upper part slightly
depressed, and the spire conical and depressed ; usual colour
brown or straw, chestnut in the interior, but sometimes
nearly white. The body whorl is very deep in front,

40 SIGARETUS.

although concave behind the arched part of the inner lip. A
colourless variety is erroneously figured in Reeve’s mono-
graph as latifasciata of Adams and Reeve in the Samarang.
The spiral grooves are strong and regular.

2. neRITOIDEDS, f. 1, 16, 17, Linnews. — Testa oblique
ovata, concava, albida, dense spiraliter striata, striis minu-
tissime rugatis ; medio latissime pallide livido, intus castaneo
pallide fasciato; spira brevissima, apice livide lutescenti,
ultimo anfractu post labium internum excavato ; apertura
subrotunda, labio externo superne flexus. — Linnzus has
described in his Systema as Helices two species of
sigaretus. Two species are in the Linnzan collection,
which correspond with the descriptions correctly enough as
far as the few words go ; ‘ convexa’ for the present species,
and ‘ depresso-planiuscula’ for the Helix haliotoideus,
together with their respective names, should be sufficient at
least to distinguish them from each other. The words
‘testa livida’ in the ‘Museum’ description, although they
seem to have puzzled the author of ‘Ipsa Linnzi Conchylia,’
are quite explained in reference to this species, by a pale
greyish band in the specimens, and in the var. f. 1 (latifa-
sciatus of Ad. and Rve. Voy. Lam. not Rey. Con. Icon.)
this band becomes more palpable.

3. Javanicus, f. 3, 4, Gray.— Quam Sig. neritoideus
magis expansa, liris magis planatis, distantibus et acutis,
apice livido apertura rotunda.—Having a near affinity with
S. neritoideus, but with the ridges more flattened and dis-
tant, although acute at the edges. The body part of the last
whorl is not so deep and ventricose. In all respects we may
regard this shell as intermediate between the preceding and
succeeding species. In our fig. 4 the sculpture is not suffi-
ciently close and crisp.

4. Leacui, f. 23, 24, 25, De Blainville.—Testa alba,
solida planiuscula, depressa ovato-suborbicularis ultimo
anfractu infra angulato planulato lato vix umbilicato, extus
spiraliter planilirata, inter liras profunde suleata; spira
immersa; apertura ovata haud profunda.—Our shell, the
Cryptostoma Leachii of Blainville, is flatter than either of
the preceding species, and is distinguished by rather wide
and deeply cut sculpture. It may possibly be the same as
Adanson’s Sigaretus, whick is certainly not the full-bodied

SIGARETUS. 41

shell (concavus) which some authors have taken for the
Helix halioloideus of Linneus. Our fig. 4 should represent
Javanicus with closer and crisper sculpture, so as to shew the
difference between it and that of Leachii. S. perspectivus,
Say. (f. 25), is probably the same species.

5. LAVIGATUS, f. 12, 13, 45? Recluz.—Testa tenuis, quam
S. neritoidea levior, magis depressa, alba, ovato-subrotunda.
—Smoother than S. neritoidea, and more regularly ovate,
ultimo anfractu subumbilicato.

6. DexussEerti, f. 14, 20, 21, 22, Recluz. — Testa de-
pressa, oblonga, obsolete spiraliter striata, concentrice subun-
dulata; labio externo circa spiram elevato, leviter contracto,
superne undulatim producto.—Of a more oblong oval form, and
flatter than the preceding, with the outer lip raised over the
spire and slightly contracted near the suture. The upper
part of the outer lip is somewhat flexuously produced.

7. AustraLis, f. 15, 46, 47, Hanley.—Testa convexius-
eula sublevigata, ovato-oblonga, tenuis, tenuilirata; spira
subimmersa, apice carneo-lutea ; ultimo anfractu ad suturam
elevato et leviter contracto.—The specimens in the British
Museum differ from each other so much that it is difficult to
mark the limits of the species. ‘The specimen figured in the
Con. Icon. is distorted, it is inadvertently repeated in our f.
15. Our f. 46 and 47 represent the true form.

8. Cuvrerianus, f. 6, Recluwz.— Testa tenuis, albida, de-
pressa oblique ovata, post labium internum excavata, regu-
lariter tenuiter lirata, apertura ovata, labio externo ad suturam
elevato, leviter contracto; latere ventrali ultimi anfractus
angusto; spira parva, lutea, immersa.—Although expanded
and depressed this is not a flat species. It is rather thin and
contracted round the suture.

9. zonaLis, f. 7, Quoy.— Testa oblique oblonga, alba,
tenuis, obsolete spiraliter striata, depressa, stramineo late
fasciata; anfractibus infra medium subangulatis, ultimo an-
fractu latere ventrali angusto ; apertura oblonga, labio interno
tenui.—A rather thin, almost transparent shell with faint
spiral strie. The front part of the body whorl is narrow ;
the mouth oval with thin edges.

10. arGgenteus, f. 53, Reeve.—Testa alba, oblique ovata
subdepressa, solidiuscula, post Jabium internum anguste

42 SIGARETUS.

excavata, spiraliter tenuiter striata; spira parva parum
exserta.—A plain rather solid, obliquely oval shell without
any strong characteristics.

11. exiuius, f. 54, Reeve.— Testa quam S. argenteus
tenuior gracilior, apertura antice magis oblique producta.—
Nearly similar in form to S. argenteus, but more obliquely
produced and thin in substance.

12. MARTINIANUS, f. 27, 28, Reeve.—Testa oblique ovata
depresso-convexa, subtus arcuata, solidiuscula; spiraliter
sublirata, concentrice rugoso-striata, fusco-rufescens, apertura
subovata, expansa, labio externo superne flexuoso, ad spiram
elevato prope suturam subcontracto ; spira parva, subimmersa.
—Rather convex for one of the auriform species, and arched
on the under side, distinguished by its banded chestnut
brown colour, which is strong on the upper and much modi-
fied on the under surface.

13. unirasciatus, f. 52, Recluz.— Testa castaneo late
fasciata, quam S. martinianus magis complanata.—I have
copied one of several figures given by Recluz under this
name, in some uncertainty as to whether it might bea variety
of Martinianus. I have, however, a similar broad-banded
shell which is much nearer to S. planulatus than to Martin-
ianus in form, being flatter, smoother than the latter, and not
at all arched.

14. pLanuLatus, f. 29, 30, Reclwz.—Testa alba ovata de-
pressa, subtus arcuata, superne planulata, epidermide strami-
nea induta, levigata, ultimo anfractu subtus lato planulato ;
apertura subquadrata, antice angulato, Jabio externo ad
spiram elevato, tum undulatim emarginato, supra medium
attenuatim producto.—This very flattened, smooth white
shell is distinguished by a strong sinus and almost linguiform
projection at the upper part of the outer lip.

15. naLiotorpgus, f. 5, 31, Linneus.—Testa ovata alba
planulata, tenuiter inciso-lirata, ultimo anfractu subtus
late planato; apertura parviuscula, labio interno tenui,
arcuato, labio externo versus suturam vix emarginato, supra
medium parum producto; spira immersa.—The small flat
white shell figured by Reeve as S. incisus, the specimens
from which our figures are taken and the one from the
Linnean cabinet figured in the ‘Ipsa Linnzi Conchylia,’ are

SIGARETUS. 43

undoubtedly identical, and correspond fairly with the descrip-
tion of Helix haliotoideus in the Systema. As there are only
two species in the Linnean cabinet I do not know why my
late father selected the concave one for the Helix haliotoideus
of Linnzus, which is described as depresso-planiuscula.—
Reeve, however, commending and intending to follow the
lead given in the genera of shells, figured for haliotoideus a
variety of Lamarck’s S. concavus. Mr. Hanley has rightly
identified both the Linnean species.

16. macutatus, f. 2, Say.— Testa ovata auriformis sub-
planata, alba, spiraliter planulatim lirata, maculis fuscis
seriatim dispositis picta, ultimo anfractu subtus concavo.—
Rather more convex than the two preceding species, and
spotted with chestnut in partial bands.

17. unpuLatus, f. 50, 51, Lischke. — Testa ovata, valde
depressa, subplanulata alba, ferrugineo pallide maculata,
sulcis latiusculis, vix ‘ wndulatis’? sculpta ; labio interno sub-
incrassato, ultimo anfractu angusto, post labium internum
angustissime excavato.—This flattened shell takes nearly the
form of the younger specimens of the true S. haliotoideus of
Linnzus, the upper surface is slightly more convex, and there
are slight spots of pale colour. I have not, however, seen
the shell, and cannot from the figure make out what is
meant by the striz being remarkably ‘ undulated.’

18. Japonicus, f. 48, 49, Jischke. — Testa quam S.
undulatus magis convexa, spiraliter tenuiter striata.—This
shell is considerably more convex than the preceding, and
more finely and closely sculptured, with very little undula-
tion (?). It is also described as being solid. I have not seen
the species, and can see no wndulated sculpture in the en-
gravings of either this or the preceding.

Sect. 2. ‘ Naticina,’ subovato-erecta.
>

19. papitua, f. 44, Chemnitz.—Testa solidiuscula, elevata
ovali-subconica, spiraliter distanter inciso-lirata ; anfractibus
infra medium ventricosis, superne declivibus subattenuatis,
ad suturam tumidis angulatis, spiralibus brevibus obtusis,
ultimo post labium internum subumbilicato ; apertura elevata
oblique subpyriformi, labio interno crasso, superne tortuo.—
Solid, rather elevated and conical with spiral rather distant

44 SIGARETUS.

incised striw, having a pyriform aperture with the inner lip
thick and tortuous above, and the outer somewhat expanded
below.

20. coarctatus, f. 34, Reeve. — Testa quam S. papilla
brevior, leeviuscula, ad suturam tumida, tum contracta, um-
bilico latiori ; spira breviori.mMuch shorter and more finely
sculptured than S. papilla, with a wider umbilicus.

21. rumescens, f. 37, Reeve—Testa quam 8S. papilla
tenuior, leviter sculpta, spira magis acuminata, ad suturam
vix tumida.—A smoother and more gradually sloping shell
than S. papilla, with the whorls scarcely swelled at the
suture but gradually sloped.

22. nitipus, f. 35, Reeve.—Testa levigata, leviter incisa,
ovali-subglobosa, solida, late umbilicata, quam S. papilla
magis ventricosa, labio interno rectiusculo.—A more ventri-
cose and smooth shell than S. papilla, with a rather straighter
inner lip.

23. optonaus, f. 40, Reeve.—Testa quam S. papilla graci-
lior et magis acuminata, striis parvis elevatis sculpta, anfrac-
tibus superne gracile declivibus, spira elevata acuminata,
apertura angusta, antice subquadrata.—Narrower than any
of the preceding and gradually attenuated from below the
middle to the acuminated spire.

24. acuminatus, f. 43, Adams and Reeve.—Testa quam
S. papilla tenuior, gracilior, spira magis elevata anfractibus
ad suturam haud tumidis, labio interno flexuoso, tenuiusculo,
umbilico angusto.—Thinner, more slender, with a more
elevated spire than S. papilla; inner lip flexuous, umbilicus
narrower.

25. MAMILLARIS, f. 41, 42, Limneeus (Helix), Recluz.—
Testa alba, polita ovata ventricosa, spira brevi, anfractibus ad
suturam rotundis, spira brevi; apertura semilunari, umbilico
valido.—More equally oval, or less sloped than the first
species in this section, rounded at the suture and smooth on
the surface, and having a very short spire. I agree with Mr.
Hanley, ‘Ips. Linn.,’ in thinking that Recluz was probably
right in this identification of a rather doubtful shell.

26. PELLUCIDUS, f. 38, Reeve. — Testa globosa, late um
bilicata parva tenuis; anfractibus superne subdeclivibus,

SIGARETUS. 45

spira brevi, spiraliter tenuissime striata; apertura angusta,
pyriformi, subobliqua, labio externo tenui.—A small globose
natica-like species, finely spirally threaded, with broad um-
bilicus.

27. riBuLA, f. 39, Reeve.—Testa globosa, quam S. pellu-
cidus paulo magis obliqua, levigata ; apertura magis obliqua,
labio externo tenuiuscula.— Differing from S. pellucidus chiefly
in the comparative absence of spiral sculpture and in the
largeness of the aperture as compared with the front of the
body whorl.

28. piotus, f. 36, Reeve.—Testa ovato-subconica, tenuis,
levis, umbilicatus, spira brevi, subacuminata, anfractibus
superne declivibus, fasciatim pallidissime maculatis ; aper-
tura semiovata, labio interno superne incrassato, infra
angusto, rectiusculo.—This smooth shell, faintly spotted in
bands, and of an oval form somewhat sloped and pointed
above, strongly resembles some of the more slender forms of
Natica.

M

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO SIGARETUS.

acuminatus, sp. 24, Ad. and
Rive. f. 43.

argenteus, sp. 10, Rve. f. 53.

australis, sp. 7, Hanley, f.
15, 46, 47.

breviculum, De Bl. Leachii ?
sp. 4.

coarctatus, sp. 20, Rve. f.
34.

concavus, sp. 8, Lamk. f.
8-11, 18, 19.

cuvierianus, sp. 8, Recl. f. 6.

cymba, Menke, concavus,

sp. 8.
delessertii, sp. 6, Recl. f. 14,
20, 21, 22.
eximius, sp. 11, Rve. f. 54.
fibula, sp. 27, Rve. f. 39.
grayi, Desh. concavus, sp. 8.
haliotoidens, sp. 15, Linn.
f. 0, 31:
haliotoideus,
vus, sp. 8.
indica, Gray. Not found.
incisus, Rve. haliotoideus, sp.
15.

Sowb. conca-

insculptus, Ad. and Rve.
Neritoideus, sp. 1, f. 1.

japonicus, sp. 18, Lischke,
f. 48, 49.

javanicus, sp. 3, Gray, f. 3, 4.

lamarckianus, Recl. Deles-
sertii ?

latifasciatus, Ad. and Rve.
neritoideus, sp. 1.

latifasciatus, Rve. (not Ad.
and Rve).—concavus.

_ perspectivus,

levigatus, sp. 5, Recl. f. 12,

leachii, sp. 4, De Bl. Crypt.
23, 24, 45.

listert, Recl. Martinianus,
var, tsp. U2;

linneanus, Recl. mamilluris,
sp. 25 ?

maculatus, sp. 16, Say. f. 2.

mamillaris, sp. 25, Linn. ?
Reel. f. 41, 42.

martinianus, sp. 12, Rve.
f, 27, 28.

maximus Phil.
sp. 8.

neritoideus, sp. 2, Linn. f. 1,

concavus,

nitidus, sp. 22, Rwve. f. 35.

oblongus, sp. 23, Rve. f. 40.

papilla, sp. 19, Chemn. f. 44.

pellucidus, sp. 26, Rve. f.
38.

Say. Leachii,
sp. 4.

petitii, Recl. Martinianus
yar. ? sp: 12.

pictus, sp. 28, Rve. f. 36.

planulatus, sp. 14, Recl. f.
29, 30.

tumescens, sp. 21, Rve. f.
37.

undulatus, sp. 17, Lischke,
f. 50, 51.

unifasciatus, sp. 13, Reel.

zonalis, ‘sp. 9, Quoy (Cryp-
tost), f. 7.

er
_ r
LA et

r wee el Vo pte
¥ Ve At ee lk
eae eR Ls a

te ah. alana

*<.

{

in state rer: iit oes

Ds. a

+9

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

IANTHINA.

GuNnERIC CHARACTER. — Testa tenuis fragilis subglobosa
plus minusve angulata purpurea; apertura subtrigona, labio
externo versus medium sinuato; columella rectiuscula, sub-
tortua, infra producta, rotunda vel subangulata ; apice oblique
retrorso. Operculum nullum.—tThe shells of this genus have
attracted much notice, partly on account of the habits and
appliances of the molluse which produces them, and partly for
the rich purple colour of their shells, corresponding with that
of the purple dye secreted by them. The Ianthine float on
the surface of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, supported by a
float of bubbles, on which are suspended the eggs and fry.
They have no specific shore habitats, being only driven in
occasional shoals on land by stress of weather. Three or
four species have thus been occasionally washed upon British
shores. Notwithstanding the remarks of the late Mr. Reeve
on the distinctness of the known species of Ianthina, it must
be remarked that many of the species introduced in the
Iconica cannot be defined, points of texture and linear
distinctions of form not being reliable. The four or five
species into which, for convenience, we may divide the
Ianthine of the more angular section still tend to pass into
each other by gradations which render it extremely difficult
to sort a number of specimens; an experiment which I have
tried with the late Mr. Taylor’s collection of Ianthinze from
all parts of the world.

50 IANTHINA.

Species.

1. FraGitis, f. 1-4, Lamarck.—Testa superne alba, sub-
angusta, infra planulata, ad angulum acute angulata;
columella tortua, infra subacuta.—The only Ianthine in
the Linnean collection (Helix Ianthina, Linn.) referred to
by Lamarck for this species are certainly specimens of this
sub-conical form, and agree with the figures cited from the
same author from Chemnitz. It is more sharply angular
than any other species, with the exception of Reeve’s
I. trochoidea. Reeve’s I. affinis, I. roseola, and I. fibula
cannot be distinguished from this, and J. involuta is only a
partly unrolled distortion of the same species.

2. rrocnorpEA, f. 15, Aeeve.—Testa conica spira elevata.
—This shell, otherwise resembling the preceding, has a much
more elevated, conical spire.

3. communis, f. 7, 8, Lamarck.—Testa trapezoidea, quam
I. fragilis ad angulum magis obtusa, colore magis suffusa,
columella infra subacuta, anfractibus superne subplanulatis
declivibus.—Less angular than J. fragilis, but more so than
succeeding species. The upper part of the whorls is rather
flattened. J. Africana, Reeve, is a larger shell, but not
distinguishable from the above by any essential characters.

4, Britannica, f. 5, 6, 14, Leach.—Testa subglobosa soli-
diuscula, purpureo intense suffusa, medio rotundata, vix angu-
lata, apertura flexuosa, sinu marginali obtusa; anfractibus
superne subinflatis.—This species has been taken on the
coast of Cornwall after storms on English and Irish coasts ;
and what appears to be its young on the sands of Glamorgan-
shire, South Wales (the latter named J. Smithic, Reeve).
I can have little doubt in also associating J. grandis of
Reeve with this species.

5. PLANOSPIRATA, f. 9-13, Ad. and Rve.—Testa sublen-
ticularis, anfractibus latis, medio rotundis, vix angulatis,
superne convexiusculis, depressis. —Of a depressed-convex or
lenticular form, more rounded than angular at the circum-
ference, and having the aperture wider than broad. It seems
impossible to distinguish from this species Reeve’s J. cast«,
I. depressa, and I. ceruleata. I. balteata is probably the
young of the same,

IANTHINA. il

** Globose.

6. aLoxosa, f. 16, 18, Swainson.—Testa globosa, tenuis,
inflata, tenuissime decussata, supra infraque purpurea, medio
pallida; spira parva, anfractibus rotundatis subimmersis,
prope suturam tumidis, ultimo magno, inflato; apertura
elongata, infra acuminata, sinu marginali acuta.—Thin,
inflated, of a pale colour on the upper part of the whorls, the
upper of which are rounded and partly sunk in the suture.
The aperture is longer than wide, and pointed below. There
is no tangible distincticn between this and the J. decollata
of Carpenter. J. cricolor is more suffused and iridescent in
colour, and somewhat less inflated.

7. PALLIDA, f. 19, 20, Harvey.—Testa quam I. globosa
minor, Magis exigua, apertura antice rotunda.—Smaller and
proportionately narrower than I. globosa, but only separated
here on account of the rounded and patulate form of the
lower part of the mouth. I. srriotata of Adams and Rve.
is indistinguishable, although the faint strie common to all
the species are a little more expressed.

8. IRIcoLor, f. 17, Reeve.—Testa quam J. globosa tenuior,
purpureo suffusa, subiridescens, anfractu ultimo infra magis
excavato, columella magis tortua.x—The suffused colour, the
shght iridescence, thin substance, excavation of the lower
part of the body whorl, and the tortuous columella seem to
justify the separation of this species from I. globosa.

9. ExI@uA, f. 23, 24, Lamarck.—Testa parva utrinque
acuminata, ompino densi purpurea, tenuiter lirata liris medio
angulatim sinuatis ; apertura alta medio profunde et acute
sinuato.—I, bifida, Nuttall, is probably the American repre-
sentative of this species, which is longitudinally ridged, the
ridges being sharply sinuated in the middle. It is narrower
than the other globose forms, and more pointed at both
ends.

10. nivens, f. 21, Menke.—Testa quam I. exigua paulo
magis inflata, vix lirata, nitens, utrinque acuminato.—The
form is the same as that of J. exigua, perhaps a little more
inflated, but the lirse are partially, if not entirely, obsolete.

52 IANTHINA.

ll. umpriicata, f. 22, D’Orbigny.—Testa parva, angu-
latim subglobosa, levis, anfractu ultimo medio subacute
angulato, post columellam subumbilicato ; columella rectius-
cula, infra acuminata.—An interesting minute shell, in form
something between the angular and globose shells of the
genus. A slight umbilical depression is observable behind
the columella, which terminates in an acute angle.

53

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO IANTHINA.

affinis, Rve. fragilis. See f. 2.
Africana, Rve. communis,
f. 8

balteata, Rve. planospirata.
See f. 12.

bicolor, Menke, communis,
Pe fo 0:
bifida, Nuttall, exigua, sp.
3, 24.
britannica, Leach, sp. 4,
f. 5, 6, 14.
casta, Rve. planospirata.
See f. 11.

cerulata, Rve. planospi-
rata. See f. 9, 10.

communis, Lamk. sp. 3,

decollata, Carp. globosa. See
fo ES:

depressa, Rve. planospirata.
See f. 10.

exigua, sp. 9, Lamk. f. 23,
24.

fibula, Rve. fragilis. See
f. 3.
fragilis, Lamk, sp. 1, f.

globosa, Swains. sp. 6, f.
16-18.

grandis, Rve. Britannica, f. 5.

involuta, Rve. fragilis. See
f. 1-

iricolor, Rve. sp. 8, f. 17.

nitens, sp. 10, Menke, f. 21.

pallida, sp. 7, Harvey, f.

patula, Ph. pallida. sp. 7.

penicephala, Peron. com-
munis, f. 7, 8.

planospirata, sp. 5, Ad. and
Rve. f. 9-13.

prolongata, Bl. globosa, sp. 6.

roseola, Rve. fragilis. See
el

smithie, Rve. Britannica.
See f. 5.

striolata, Ad. and Rve.
pallida. See f. 19.

striulata, Carp. fragilis, sp.

trochoidea, Ree. sp. 2, f. 15.

umbilicata, sp. 11, D’Orb.
f. 22.

MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY

CALYPTRAID A.

Testa patelliformis, adhzrens, subtus appendice furcata
vel calyculata, aut lamina semispirali aut septiformi munita.
Limpet-shaped-shells, having an internal plate or appendage
in place of the basal plate and columellar lip of spiral shells.
In Catyrrra, as limited in this monograph, it is a sort of
forked projection from the apex. In CrucipuLum, with some
variations, it is an oval cup projecting from the apex, but
attached by one side to the inner wall of the shell. In
Trocuita, it forms a spiral or semispiral base to the last
whorl ; and in Creprpua it is more or less septiform. We
accept this general arrangement (from Reeve) as the most
convenient, although, through intervening forms, the genera,
excepting the first, cannot be very exactly defined.

Genus CALYPTRA.

Molluscum interdum laminam basalem extraneam formans.
Testa albida, epidermide tenui induta; appendice columellari
' projecta, fornicata, bifurcata.—The forked projection re-
sembles the half of a narrow split funnel, and serves the
purpose of an internal support in place of the usual spiral
column.

Species.

1. Equestris, f. 1, 2, Linncus.—T. elevato-conica, liris
scabriusculis profundis, ad marginem prominentibus sculpta,
margine crenato; appendice magna; lamina basali solida,

Pp

56 CALYPTREDA.

margine crenato.—This species has the strize more regularly
and deeply cut than in any of the allied species. It has
a crenulated edge, and forms a shelly plate, which is also
crenulated at the margin. Lamarck having selected this out
of several species which may have been intended by Linnzus,
it has been so accepted by conchologists.

2. cicatricosa, f. 8, 4, 35, 36, Aeeve.—Tenuis, depressa,
tenuissime striata, annulis concentricis undulatis rugata.—
Thin, finely striated, roughened with concentric swellings, and
having the apex nearly central. Adamsii, f.4, and Cyathella,
f. 35, appear to be really undistinguishable from this, although
the former has been found with a shelly base as in equestris.

3. pormitorta, f. 19, 20, 538, Reeve.—T. solidiuscula, ven-
tricosa, tenuiter striata, apice valde arcuatim retrorso, acuto.
Rather solid, ventricose, finely striated, with apex arched in
a backward direction. »

4, stuttoruM, f. 29, Reeve.—Oblique conica, dense striata;
apice acuto producto curvo.—Obliquely conical, very closely
ribbed, with the arched acute apex leaning beyond the
margin.

5. uncrnata, f. 28, Reeve.—Subdepressa levis; apice
uncinato retrorso.—A smooth round species with a hooked
and much recurved apex.

6. saccyari-meta, f. 8, 9, Reeve.—Rotunda elevata levius-
cula, apice subretrorso.—This very elevated, rounded shell
has very little sculpture of its own, the waved lines and
crenated margin of the specimen resulting from inequalities
in the surface of attachment.

7. TONGANA, f. 38, 39, Quoy.— Parva subrotunda ven-
tricosa levis apice rotundo marginaliimSmall, rather round,
ventricose, with the apex round, marginal.

8. BuLLA, f. 18, Reeve.—Tenuissima subinflata laminam
tenuissimam basalem formans; rugis concentricis et striis
raciantibus regulariter inzequalibus cancellata.—This species
sometimes forms a basal plate. The sculpture is extremely
fine, but, when magnified, shows equi-distant radiating
ridges with fine strive delicately cancellated between.

9, cepacnA, f. 7, 5, 6, 35, 36, Broderip.—Tenuis planulata
expansa orbiculata tenuissime striata, apice acuto, retrorso.

CALYPTREDE, 67

Thin, flat, wide, round, finely striated, with the apex sharp
and turned backwards. C. cornea, Brod., f. 5, 36, and C.
varia, Brod., f. 6, cannot be definitely distinguished, and
from Mr. Broderip’s own remarks in the Linnean Transac-
tions, it may be inferred that they are probably only varieties
a little irregular in growth. They take ‘almost every shape
that a calyptrea can assume.’ The ends of the divided
eyathus are described as more pointed in the more normal
C. cepacea. But these are also subject to great variation,

10. stELLA, f. 27, Reeve.—Orbicularis complanata, liris
radiantibus subdistantibus et interstitialibus minutis concen-
trice decussatis stellata; apice subcentrali depresso, appendice
parva.—Round, flat, with distant radiating ridges and inter-
stitial decussated areas, giving a star-like appearance to the
surface. The appendage is very small in the specimen figured.

11. porosa, f. 51, 52, Reeve.—Elevato-conica rotunda
tenuis, radiatim costata ; interstitiis foveolatis ; apice valde re-
trorso, acuto, appendice interna lanceolata.—Raised, radiately
and roughly ribbed, pitted between the ribs; apex bent towards
the back margin.

12. arpa, f. 10-15, Martint.—Solidiuscula, tenuissime
striata, alta, varie corrugata et tortilis; apice retrorso.—The
first figures, pl. 13, f. 117, 118 of Martini’s Lepas alba
certainly represent forms of this crumpled species, which,
according to the particular character or degree of the tor-
tuosities exhibited, are divided into the species tortilis and
Martiniana, f. 10, 11, diaphana, f. 12, fibulata, f. 13, and
balanoides, f. 14, 15.

13. papyracna, f. 16, 17, A. Ad., fid. Reeve.—Albe similis,
sed oblique elevatim elongata.—The shell figured by Reeve
differs less from C. alba than our f. 16,17. Both may quite
possibly represent very elongated distortions of the previous
species.

14. corrugata, f. 42, 43, 44, Broderip.—Orbicularis, de-
pressa, rudissime radiatim costata, costis nodosis et divaricatis 5
apice obtuso subretrorso ; facie interna concentrice et leviter
nodosa.—Orbicular, depressed, very roughly radiately ribbed ;
ribs nodose and divergent; apex obtuse and drawn towards
the back; interior surface concentrically and smoothly
nodose.

58 CALYPTREDE.

15. CANCELLATA, f. 21, 22, Adams and Reeve.-—Tumida
vel ventricosa, costellis radiantibus et liris interstitialibus can-
cellata; apice retrorso vel subcentralii—Our figure 22 is
of the form described in the voyage of the Samarang; f. 21
is a capuliform specimen in hand. ‘The radiating ribs with
minute interstitial cross-bars are the same in both.

16. aLvEOLATA, f. 23, Adams.—lregularis, sub-elevata, cos-
tellis radiantibus acute nodosis et rugis concentricis decussata.
Trregular, rather raised, decussated with radiating sharply
notched riblets and concentric wrinkles.

17. VANIKOROENSIS, f. 17, Qwoy.—Conica, obliqua, obtusa,
striis radiantibus, ineequalibus sculpta.—The writer does not
understand this species, nor does he suppose that Mr. Reeve
has identified it. In the Astrolabe one side figure is given,
which we copy, aud the other figures are of distorted shells.

18. Layarpi, f. 18, Reeve.—Hipponiciformis, radiatim
costata ; costis rotundis, longitudinaliter valde striatis.—The
sculpture of this obliquely conical species is that of fine
small fibres gathered up into bunches so as to form ribs.

19. prneopsis, f, 40, 41, Quwoy.—Parva capuliformis
tenuissima, liris majoribus radiantibus et interstitialibus
minutis sculpta.—Small, cap-shaped, very finely sculptured,
with larger radiating and smaller interstitial raised striz.
Probably the same as figured by Reeve for C. vanikoroensis,
Quoy.

20. HIPPONICIFORMIS, f. 24, 25, 26, Aeeve.—Rotunda,
parva, oblique elevatim producta, striis minutis, subeequalibus
sculpta; apice obtuso valde retrorso.— Round, small,
obliquely elevated, produced, with very fine, nearly equal
strize. :

21. umpo, f. 49, 50, Reeve.—Elevato-conica, rotunda,
distanter radiatim subnodoso-costata, interstitiis minute
striatis; apice retrorso, submarginali.i—Conically raised,
round, distantly rayed with nodose ribs; interstices minutely
striated, apex bent back towards the margin.

22. scututum, f. 46, 47, Reeve.—Orbicularis convexa,
radiatim lirata; lris distantibus, interstitiis minute striatis,
margine striato, appendice minuta, apice valde retrorso.—
Small and round, with equidistant radiating ribs and inter-
stitial strize; apex near the margin; margin striated.

CALYPTRED &. 59

23. TECTUM-SINENSE, f. 30-34, Chemnitz.—Levis inter-
dum elevata, laminis concentricis tectiformibus exfoliata.—
Smooth, exfoliated with concentric roof-like laminz. In
one edition of Linnzus’ work this stands as the first variety
of his Patella equestris. The species is also figured as second
variety of Martini’s Lepas alba. Our f. 30, 33, 34 represent
the normal forms; 32, scabies of Reeve, which has the
laminz more flattened; and 31, the varia of Reeve, but not
of Broderip, may be regarded as a state in which the first
contabulated lamina is very broad and flat and the second
has scarcely begun to be formed.

24. acuLuata, f. 45, Broderip.—Depressa, rotunda, levis,
cornea, aculeis parvis fornicatis distanter adspersa.—May
possibly be a variety of C. cornea, Broderip (cepacea), with
accidental points.

Genus CRUCIBULUM.
(Plate IIT., IV., and part of V.)

Testa patelliformis; appendice interna ovata, calyciformi vel
semicalyciformi, lateraliter per marginem unum vel per mar-
gines duos adnata.—The ‘ cup and saucer’ limpets normally
have a funnel-shaped cup free from the sides of the parietal
portion, except where joined in one lateral seam, but a sec-
tion of the species have the appendage looped or three-
cornered, and attached by two margins, and forming two of
the three angles.

1. scurutatum, f. 1-6, Gray.—Patelliforme vel conicum,
fulvum vel fusco-purpurascens, radiatim costatum, costis
crassis, subnodosis rubro-lineatis ; calyce infundibuliformi.—
The variety (rude, Broderip) with sharp ribs and wide

60 CALYPTRADA.

intervals, seems to differ from those with thick rounded ribs
near together, and the conical forms may seem distinct from
the flattened ones, but in a number of specimens they are
found to merge into each other.

2. auricutatum, f. 7-14, Chemnitz.—Subspiratum, varie
radiatim et concentrice pictum, fere leve, vel spinoso-cos-
tatum, costis et spinis oblique radiatis; spinis brevissimis vel
elongatis ; calyce magno, ovato.—The spines or spinous ribs, as
well as the markings, differ much in different varieties, but
agree as to their oblique, semispiral direction.

3. tignarium, f. 15-23, Broderip. — Oblique conicum,
elevatum, (variat magis depressum aut lateraliter distortum )
radiatim plus minusve striatum aut liratum; apice acuto
valde retrorso; pallide fulva, aut grisea, castaneo radiata, aut
acute maculata, nonnunquam lignaria calyce ovato, lateraliter
annexo.—Figures 15, 16 represent the most extreme forms,
and both are included in Mr. Broderip’s plates. C. tragonale
of Adams and Reeve, our f. 21, 22, show a strong affinity
to them, while in its turn C. spectrum, Reeve, cannot be
separated; and the bowx-weod-coloured deformity, f. 23,
brings us back to lignaria, f. 15.

4, renun, f. 24, 27, 28, 30, Broderip.—Tenue subdepres-
sum sublevigatum, fulvo vel castaneo radiatum, apice sub-
centrali; calyce ovato, lateraliter adnato.——Much smoother
and thinner than the preceding, with a central or nearly
central apex.

5. SERRATUM, p. 25, 26, Broderip.—Depressum costatum
castaneo uniradiatum, apice subcentrali obtuso, costis sub-
distantibus, interstitiis concentrice foveolatis, calyce angu-
lato lateribus duobus liberis.—A small fat species, with
rather serrated ribs and pitted interstices. The cup is
triangular, and has two free sides, the third side forming part
of the wall.

6. CONCAMERATUM, f. 29, Reeve.—Oblique ovato-conicum,
fulvum, valide costatum, interstitiis foveolatis; apice acu-
tissimo oblique arcuato; calyce trigono lateribus duobus
liberis—In the form of the cup and the sculpture this
resembles C. serratum, but the apex is elevated, and has a
strong semilateral curve.

CALYPTREDA. 61

7, pecTINATUM, f. 31, 32, Carpenter—Solidum, ovatum,
conicum, fulvum, distanter et rude costatum; apice acute et
oblique uncinato ; calyce semiovato flexuoso, uno latere ad-
nato.—Very coarsely ribbed with raised hook-shaped apex
pointing upwards to the left. One side of the cup is formed
by the wall of the shell, and the other two sides by a loop.

8. coRRUGATUM, f. 33-36, Carpenter.—Rotundum vel sub-
quadratum, subdepresso-conicum, pallide fulvum, vel cas-
taneum, costis corrugatis radiatum, apice subuncinato,
plerumque retrorso.—C. violacewm, Reeve, with its delicate
lilac interior, is not sufficiently distinct to be separated.

9, rADIATUM, f. 37, 38, Brodervyp.—Ovato-rotundum,
depressum, tenuiter radiatim striatum et purpureo-castaneo
radiatum, apice obtuso, subcentrali: calyce semicirculari,
profundo; antice subplanato, retrorsim decumbenti.—The
shell is a rather depressed cone with obtuse subcentral apex,
rayed with dark chestnut. The cup is lilac, a half funnel
with one straight side, and pressed backwards so as to le
almost against the parietal part.

10. striatum, f. 39, 40, Say.—Subrotunde quadratum,
depressum, oblique radiatim liratum ; apice retrorso, unci-
nato, calice subtrigono, lateribus liberis in amentum curvis.

11. extmncrorium, f. 55-60, Lamarck.—Irregulariter ro-
tundatum, lve, fulvo-grisescens, plerumque _ spiraliter
radiatum ; apice subcentrali, semispirato, uncinato, calyce
angustissime infundibuliformi.—The sharply hooked apex
and the rays of colour are curved half spirally.

12. verrucosum, f. 51,52, Reeve-—Subdepressum fulvum
rude plicatum et verrucosum; apice obtuso subcentrali,
calyee angustissime infundibuliformi.—With the similarly
looped calyx of the preceding this species has an obtuse
apex and a very wrinkled, warty exterior.

for)
bo

CALYPTRADA.

Genus TROCHITA.

Testa trochiformis vel patelliformis, spiralis, infra concavo-
septiformis; margine columellari reflexo, margine basali pro-
ducto.

Shell trochus-shaped or patella-shaped, spiral, concave
below; base septiform, columellar margin more or less reflected,
basal margin more or less prominent.

Species.

1. contca, f. 61, 62, Broderip.—Rotunda subdepressa,
fulva, fasciis undulatis castaneis radiata ; spira parva centrali
anfractibus perpaucis, septo basali lato, sub-angulatim pro-
minenti.—A round limpet-shaped shell with a central apex.
The septum is broad and hatchet-shaped, with the front edge
prominently produced.

2. aspersa, f. 63, 64, C. B. Ad.—Quam T. conica
tenuior, pallida, magis distanter radiata; septo angustiori
haud tantum antice producto.—Like a small light miniature
of 7. conica, with the septum narrower and less produced
in front.

3. LICHEN, f. 65, 66, Broderip.—Subovata, depressa, albida
apice subcentrali, septo angusto, angulatim producto.—A
very flat, rather smooth ovate shell with a narrow hatchet-
shaped septum.

4. aurita, f. 42, 43, Reeve.-—Subdepressa, irregulariter
rotunda, radiatim serrato-costata; apice laxe spirato ; septo
dolabriformi valde producto.—Front margin of septum much
produced and rounded at the end of the projecting part.

5. SUBREFLEXA, f. 67, 68, Carpenter.—Irregularis pallida
spinoso-costata; apice tumide spirali; septo late dolabriformi.
Strize or radiating ribs spinose, apex spiral with a second
tumid whorl ; septum broad, hatchet: shaped.

6. rasticiata, f. 72, 73, 74, Gowld.—Rotunda conica,
sordida lzviuscula, lateraliter convexa; apice mamillato ;
septo obtuse trigono.—Not so depressed as S. sinensis,

CALYPTREDA. 63

with the sides of the conical form a little concave; septum
obtusely hatchet-shaped.

7. Pocutum, f. 80, 84, Reeve-—Parva sordida rotunda
convexo-conica tenuis cornea ; septo trigono-spirali.i—Small,
cup-shaped, dull greenish brown, with a small hatchet-shaped
septum. The specimens originally described were covered
with an extraneous growth.

8. PELLUCIDA, f. 82, Reeve.—Parva, subovata, depressa,
cornea pellucida; septo trigono-spiralii—The difference
between this and the preceding species is very small, but
the latter is more depressed and thin. 7. poculwm, f. 84, is
undistinguishable.

9. LATERALIS, f. 93, 94, Sowerby.-—Solida, oblique com-
pressa, divaricatim rugoso-corrugata, albida, partim castaneo
nebulata, lamina septiformi spirali, complanata, medio sub-
umbilicato, margine undulatim arcuato; spira trispirata.—
Something like an obliquely flattened trochus with hollow
base.

10. CALYPTREFORMIS, f. 85, 86, Lamarck.—Solida, spirali-
ter crepiduliformis, purpureo suffusa et extus obscure fas-
ciata, lamina basali arcuatim recedenti, medio anguste
umbilicato ; spira depressa, anfractibus tribus subcomplanatis.
Although in this and the next species there is an approach
to the form of Crepidula, yet the septum is simply: as the
base of the whorl of a spiral shell.

11. macuata, f. 87, 88, Quoy.— Rotunde crepiduliformis,
intus purpurea, late unifasciata, extus epidermide straminea
induta, anfractibus latiusculis convexis; lamina basali latis-
sima, profunde subsidenti, margine arcuato.—More rounded,
convex in the whorls, and hollow at the base than the pre-
ceding species. It is otherwise known by a broad blackish
purple band seen strongly in the interior, and more ob-
scurely on the outer surface when the epidermis is removed.

12. ciyproLum, f. 89, 90, Reeve.—Depresso-trochiformis,
intus alba, extus fuscata, epidermide levi induta; apice
centrali; anfractibus quaternis, convexis; lamina basali pro-
funde subsidenti; margine septiformi undulatim subproducto.
In structure nearly approaching the trochiform species, but
not, like them, conical in form. The septiform spiral base
is sunk far within the outer margin of the shell.

Q

64 CALYPTRAD A.

13. corrugata, f. 91, 92, Reeve.—Acute conica, tenuis,
trochiformis, radiatim rugose lirata, albida; spira elevata,
anfractibus quaternis profundis, margine basali dentato,
lamina interna basali profunde subsidenti; margine sub-
arcuatim producto.—Closely allied to 7. radians and 7.
spirata, but light in colour and structure, with finer ribs
and marginal fluting.

14, raprans, f. 95, 96, 99, Lamarck.—Subdepresso-conica,
extus fulva, epidermide tenui induta, intus alba, maculis
magnis purpureo-castaneis picta, margine fulvo maculato ;
anfractibus quinis convexiusculis; costis distantibus hine illine
divaricatis oblique radiatis, margine dentato, ultra septum
basale extenso; margine lamine basalis leviter producto,
undato.—The rayed ribs are oblique and sometimes divergent,
and the four whorls are wide and a little convex. The
elevated spire of fig. 99 is abnormal.

15. sprrata, f. 97, 98, Forbes.—Conica alta fumoso-
fusca, septo radiatim fasciata ; anfractibus quinis, ad suturam
concavis, tum tumidis, fere perpendiculariter costata, costis
prominentibus distantibus; margine laqueatis; septo basali
radiatim fasciato, margine subangulatim producto.—The
narrower whorls, the concave suture, the more prominent and
straight ribs, and general dark chocolate colour distinguish
this from the preceding species.

16. tAmELLosa, f. 41, A. Adams ?—Rotunda depressa
parva subsquamata; apice laterali; septo quasi incipienti,
angustissimo, lateraliter decumbentii—A very small shell,
in which the septum appears rudimentary.

17. sorpipa, f. 49, 50, Broderip.—Parva, sordide lutea,
depressa, ovata, radiatim costata; anfractibus tribus regu-
laribus; septo subtrigono, dolabriformi.—With the external
form of a regularly spiral shell of several distinct whorls, and
the hatchet-shaped septum of 7’. conica, T. sinensis, &e.

18. unauris, f. 47, 48, Broderip.—Parva livido-fusca,
laxe spirata; apice elevato acuminato, laxato; septo subtri-
gono, arcuatim dolabriformii—The loosened coils of the
apex remind one of a little snake. The hatchet-shaped
septum as in the preceding.

19. HeLicomEA, f. 53, 54, Sowerby.—Subaurantia, ob-
lique subglobosa ; spira elevata, anfractibus tumidis obliquis,

CALYPTREDA. 65

ultimo expanso, divaricatim costato; septo arcuato, margine
columellari tumide reflexo.—A dorsal view gives the idea of
a helicoid shell. The septum is more like that of some cre-
pidulee.

20. MAMILLARIS, f. 69, 70, 71, Broderip.—Conica levis,
extus sublivida, intus obscure fusca; spira mamillata, septo
breviter dolabriformi.—Conical, smooth, rather livid without,
sometimes coffee-coloured within, straight-sided; apex a
little mamillated coil.

21. smnensis, f. 75-79, Linnceus.—Depresso-conica albida,
plus minusve spinosa, ad latera subeoncava; septo acute
trigono.—A flattened cone with the lateral outlines a little
concave ; the surface covered more or less perceptibly with
minute spinous points.

Genus CREPIDULA.

Testa plerumque ovata patelliformis; apice marginali,
frequenter terminali; subtus concava, lamina basali septi-
formi.—In Crepidula, the septiform plate is scarcely spiral
in any case, and in most cases not at all so. It covers about
half the cavity. Ina few species it is lobed or loop-like in
the middle, with a deep notch at the side.

Species.

1. przatTata, f. 100, 101, 102, Lamarck.—Semirotunda,
fulva, frequenter variegata, subtus castaneo vel purpureo
varie picta, apice laterali, subspirali; septo albo, subspirali,
margine infra lobatim producto, ad terminum emarginato.—
The white variety is the C. pallida of Broderip.

66 CALYPTREDA.

2. nautTiLoipEs, f. 104, 105, Lesson.—C. dilatate similis,
sed profunde concava; spira magis inflata et contorta.—The
habit of this Crepidula is to eoil its shell over others of the
same species. Groups of these limpets are found thus with
the shells deep and curved.

3. rottaceA, f. 103, 106, 107, Broderip.—Subdepressa,
lateraliter expansa, alba, intus fasciatim aureo et castaneo
fasciata, extus rugose plicata, margine crenato, apice parvo,
terminali, septo trigono, curvo, prominente lobato.—Of the
same general form as C. dilatata, but wrinkled half-
divergently, with crenulated margin. The interior is prettily
flashed with orange and chestnut.

4. onyx, f. 112, Sowerby.—Ovato-oblonga, castanea, lineis
rubris radiata fulvo marginata; apice uncinato terminali,
septo late albo rectiusculo; margine undulatim sinuato.—
The original specimen, described in the ‘Genera of Shells,’
was overgrown and covered on the outside with extraneous
matter, but the natural colour appears to be mahogany, with
reddish lines showing at the inner margin.

5. FornicaTa, f. 118, 123, JLinnewws.—Ovato-oblonga,
earnea, punctis minutis rubris adspersa, margine rubro
lineato (variat subpurpureo), septo lato elongato recto.—Sus-
ceptible of many variations in form and colouring, but
mostly sprinkled with the little red dots that have given to
one variety the name of C. arenata, Broderip.

6. pxcavata, f. 119, Brodervp.—Leyis, straminea, oblonga
uregulariter ovata, lateraliter compressa ; intus fasciis lividis
picta; apice producto uncinato terminali septo lato, margine
recto.—The specimens hitherto found have been bent up at
the sides in a peculiar manner. The general colour is a kind
of straw, with dark radiating flashes within.

7. PORCELLANA, f. 120, 121, 122, Linnwus.—Ovata sub-
expansa depressa. partim fusco-livida castaneo variegata,
margine intus maculato; apice peculiariter producto mamil-
lato; septo lato brevi, margine leviter arcuato,—The spots
with suffused edges, showing strongly on the inner margin,
and the peculiarly mamillated and produced darkly coloured
apex, are the characteristics of this species. Var. immersa,
f. 122, has evidently been figured from a_ beach-rolled
specimen,

CALYPTRED A. 67

8, BILOBATA, f. 108, Gray.—Tenuis, pallide fusca, trifas-
ciata, depressa; apice terminali, septo parviusculo, supra
medium emarginato, infra lateraliter profundissime inciso.—
The lower notch in the margin of the septum is deeply cut.
The shell is of a light texture and light brown colour.

9. acuLHATA, f. 124, 125, Gmelin.—Ovata subdepressa
subspirali alba fusco fasciata, costis spiniferis ornata ; septo
subspirali, infra medium producto, ad marginem teste
breviter emarginato.—The spines in this species differ in
number and size, and the chestnut bands in depth of colour,
but a specimen of the species may always be known.

10. FissuraTA, f. 151, Sowerby.—Breviter subtrigona,
convexa, intus castaneo nigrescenti; apice terminali, unci-
naco; septo producto, lobato, lateraliter profundissime
inciso, margine aurantio lineato.—A pretty little shell with
dark interior, a very deep notch in the prominently lobed
septum, where it joins the side. It has one or two lines of
orange colour on its margin.

11. convexa, f. 109, 110, Say.—Parva ovato-oblonga
convexa, succinea, apice terminali; septo parvo, subtrigono,
margine arcuatim recedenti.—An amber-coloured small
oval shell, very convex, with terminal apex; the septum is
small and arched recedingly.

12. maneinaLis, f. 111, Broderip.—sSubplanata expansa,
versus apicem lineata, intus (nisi ad marginem) vivide cas-
tanea, margine aurantio lineata; septo oblique lobato, apice
acute producto, terminali.i—The writer has seen specimens
of intermediate shells tending to show that the specimen
figured in the ‘ Transactions’ may have been only an acci-
dentally flattened growth of C. onyz.

13. cosrama, f. 113, 114, Deshayes.—Ovato-oblonga rugosa,
valide distanter costata, carneo-subpurpurea; interstitiis cos-
tarum intus extusque livide castaneis margine dentato ; apice
parvo, terminali; septo latissimo niveo, undulatim fere
recto.—Broad ribs and dark interstices, showing within and
without, and a strongly-toothed edge, characterise this species,
which is unlike any other.

14. apunca, f. 115, Sowerby.—Capuliformis, fumoso-fusca,
dorso convexo; apice producto uncinato declivi; septo parvo,

68 CALYPTREDE.

profundo trigono albo.—Dark brown, deeply cap-shaped, with
a hooked apex curved downwards,

15. rostrata, f. 116, 117, C. B. Ad.—Quam C. adunca
altior, apice magis elevato, margine regulariter ovato; septo
parvo. —Of a more regularly oval form and more freely
raised apex than C. uncinata.

16. apspersa, f. 126, 127, Dunker.— Angusta oblonga
pallida maculis fusco-purpureis adspersa; apice terminali,
obtuso; septo leviter arcuato.—The specimens figured in
Dunker’s work are irregular in form, but narrow and with
obtuse apices.

17. sitcHana, f. 128, 129, Middendorf.—Succinea, oblique
capuliformis, convexa ; apice postice marginali septo angus-
tissimo, profunde recedenti.

18. LENTIGINOSA, f. 130, 130*, Sowerby.—Irreegularis, luteo-
castanea, castaneo-purpurascenti maculata, frequenter latera-
liter compressa, dorso frequenter elevato, apice libero, un-
cinato, declivi; septo albo, obliquo.—The peculiar lentigi-
nous spots and general appearance seem to bring the above
two forms together; the mode of growth preventing uni-
formity of shape.

19. nepatica, f. 131, 132, Deshayes.—Irregulariter sub-
ovata, levis, intense fuscata, apice producto, septo albo sub-
oblique arcuato.—When young, the form is ovate, as in f.
132. Afterwards the shape depends on conditions of growth.
The interior is intensely blackish-brown.

20. incuRVA, f. 133, 134, 135, Broderip.—tlrregulariter
oblonga, castanéo-nigricanti; longitudinaliter lirata; apice
producto, deflecto; septo albo, lato, margine arcuato.—Traces
of the lire may be seen on the back of the variety named
imeurva by Broderip, although they are not so strong as in
the variety lirata of Reeve.

21. contorta, f. 137, 138, Quoy.—Albida linguzeformis,
pallide maculata, contorta; septo parvo, trigono.— There is
little character to be traced in this pale, irregularly-formed
species.

22. unauirormis, f. 139, 140, Lamarck.—Alba tenuis,
oblonga, ad terminum subquadrata, dorso decurvo vel recurvo,

>

CALYPTREDA. 69

septo lato fornicato, apice minuto.—This white shell grows
sometimes on the outside and sometimes on the inside of
rounded shells, and takes a convex or concave form accord-
ingly.

23. ExuviaTA, f. 141, 142, Nwttall.—Albida vel nivea
linguzeformis depressa, angustissime vel mediocriter elongata ;
apice producto, frequenter exfoliato, septo elongato, plus
minusve fornicato.—The form first described is that of
fig. 142. It differs from the other; but this has been caused
by the condition of its growth.

24. NaviceLLompEs, f. 143, Nuttall.—Alba subrotunda
subrugosa concava, solida; lamina septiformi latissimo mar-
gine arcuato, apice laterali.—The prevailing free shape of
this white Crepidula is circular, slightly curved, with a
decumbent apex.

25. Lussont, f. 144, 145, 146, Broderip.—Fulva vel alba,
ovata vel subtrigona, laminis concentricis extantibus, sub-
distantibus radiatim rubro-lineatis, vel vacuis ornata; mar-
gine squamoso; septo semicirculari; apice producto leviter
curvo.—The typical reddish-streaked shell cannot be dis-
tinguished otherwise than by colour from the white variety
named C. fimbriata by Reeve.

26. squama, f. 147, 148, Broderip. — Depressa, ovata,
epidermide subrugosa induta obscure radiatim lineata ; apice
producto, terminali, septo medio arcuato.—Differing from
the preceding in the absence of outstanding scaly plates.

27. Watsut, f. 149, 150, Hermansen (Reeve).—Irregu-
lariter dilatata, curva, alba, frequenter planata; septo sub-
trigono, margine dilatato, partim excavato, ad latus obsolete
inflecto et plicato; apice parvo, acuto, curvo.—Our f. 150
represents the familiar form of C. Walshit, Herm.; plana, Ad.
and Rve. It has been developed on a flat or even concave
surface, while the more irregular f. 149 (scabies, Rve.) has
had its growth among crudities, and is, therefore, rough and
irregular.

28. cutnensis, f. 152, 153, Gray.—Test. jun. rotunda
ealyciformis paucispiralis; postea irregulariter expansa ;
spira decumbenti; septo trigono, latere columellari reflexo,
tubiformi—lIn this species the columellar part of the septum

70 CALYPTREDA.

appears to have been reflected, and its edge soldered on to
the basal plate, leaving a penetrable tube.—The young shell,
f. 152, 153, is round, with a decumbent spire, but in grow-
ing becomes laterally and irregularly expanded. It is not
different enough from C. Walshw to justify its setting apart as
agenus. Noicea chinensis was the name given by the late
Dr. Gray.

29. porsata, f. 45, 46 (Pl. 5), Broderip.-—Ovata fulva
radiatim costata, margine crenato; apice subcentrali; septo
concayo, obliquo, ad latus profunde emarginato.—Having the
nearly central apex of a Calyptraa, with the lobed and con-
cave septum of a Crepidula.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO CALYPTRA.

aberrans, C.B. Ad., Z. P.1863 ;
not found.

aculeata, Brod. sp. 24, f. 45.

Adamsii, Rve.=cicatricosa.

alba, Martini, sp. 12, f. 10-15.

alveolata, A. Ad. sp. 16, f. 23.

araucana, Lesson; not found.

balanoides, Rve.=alba.

bulla, Rve. sp. 8, f. 18.

Byronensis, Gray ; not found.

cancellata, Ad. and ve. sp.
15, f. 21, 22.

cepacea, Brod. sp. 9, f. 5, 6, 7,

36

chlorina, Gld.; not identified.

cicatricosa, Rve. sp. 2, f. 3, 4.

cinerea, Rve. ; not identified.

cornea, Brod.=cepacea.

corrugata, Brod. sp. 14, f. 42,
43, 44),

cyathella, Rve.=cepacea.

depressa=cicatricosa.

diaphana, Rve.=alba.

dormitoria, Five. sp. 3, f. 19,
20, 53.

equestris, Zinn. sp. 1, f. 1, 2.

hipponiciformis, ve. sp. 20,
f. 24, 25, 26.

Layardi, Ive. sp. 18, f. 48.

Martiniana, Rve.=alba.

ossea, Rve.=dormitoria.

papyracea, A, Ad. sp. 18, f.
16,17

pileopsis, Quoy, sp. 19, f. 40,
Al.

planulata, C.B. Ad.=cepacea?
porosa, Ive. sp. 11, f. 51, 52.
radiosa, Gld. = hipponicifor-
mis.
sacchari-meta, Rve. sp. 6, f.
scabies, Rve. = tectum-sinense.
scutulum, Five. sp. 22, f. 46,47.
stallonia ; not identified.
stella, Rve. sp. 10, f. 27.
stultorum, ve. sp. 4, f. 29.
tectum-sinense, Chemmn. sp.
23, f. 30-34.
tongana, Quoy, sp. 7, f. 38, 39.
tortilis, Rve.=alba.
umbella ; not identified.
umbo, five. sp. 21, f. 49, 50.
uncinata, dve. sp. 5, f. 28.
vanikoroensis, (Juoy, sp. 17
ae

varia, Brod.=cepacea.
varia, Rve. not Brod.=tec-
tum-sinense.

v2 INDICES.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO CRUCIBULUM.

auriculatum, Chemn. sp. 2, f.
7-14.

auriculatum, Rve. not Chemn.
=corrugatum.

cinereum, Gray = auricula-
tum.

concameratum, Five sp. 6, f.
me

corrugatum, Carp. sp. 8, f.
33, 36. é

dentatum, C. B. Ad.==scuiel-
latum.

extinctorium, Lam. sp. 11,
f. 55-60,

ferrugineum, Rve.=tennue.

hispidum, Brod. = auricula-

tum.

imbricatum, Brod.= pectina-
tum.

imbricatum, Sowb.=scutella-
tum.

lignarium, Brod. sp. 3, f. 15-
23.

lividum, Rve.=extinctorium.

longirostre, Owen=equestre.

maculatum, Brod.=auricula-
tum.

morbidum, Rve.=extincto-
rium.

pectinatum, Carp. sp. 7, f. 31,
32.

pexiza, Gray=auriculatum.

radiatum, Brod. sp.9, f. 37,38.

rude, Brod.=scutellatum.

rugosum, Desh.=lgnarium.

rugosum, Lesson = scutella-
tum.

scutellatum, Gray, sp. 1, f. 1-6.

serratum, Brod. sp. 5, f. 25, 26.

spectrum, Rve.=lignarium.

spinosum, Sowb. = auricula+
tum.

striatum, Say, sp. 10, f. 39, 40.

tenue, Brod. sp. 4, f. 24, 27,
28, 30.

trigonale, Ad. and Rve.=lig-
narium.

tubiferum, Lesson=auricula-
tum.

umbrella, Desh.=scutellatum.

verrucosum, five. sp. 12, f. 51,
52.

violaceum, Carp. = corruga-
tum.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO TROCHITA.

alba, Donovan=sinensis.

aspersa, C. B. Ad. sp. 2, f. 63,
6A, :

anrita, Rve. sp. 4, f. 42, 43.

calyptreeformis, Lam. sp. 10,
f 80, 86 _

clypeolum, five.. sp. 12, f. 89,
90.

INDICES. 73

conica, Brod. sp. 1, f. 61, 62.
corrugata, Rve. sp. 13, f. 91,
92.

fastigiata, Gould, sp. 6, f. 72,
, 74.
Jusca, Carp.=poculum.
helicoidea, Sowb. sp. 19, f. 53,
54

lamellosa, A. Ad. sp. 16, f. 41.

lateralis, Sowb. sp. 9, f. 93, 94.

lichen, Brod. sp. 3, f. 65, 66.

levigata, Lam.=sinensis.

levigata, Chemn. = mamilla-
ris.

maculata, Quoy, sp. 11, f. 87,
88.

magellanica, Gray ?=clypeo-
lnm?

maumillaris, Brod. sp. 20, f. 69,
60,41.

muricata, Da Costa=sinensis.
pellucida, Rve. sp. 8, f. 82.
peruviana, Desh.=radians.
pileus, Lam.=spirata.
poculum, ive. sp. 7, f. 80-84.
radians, Lamk. sp. 14, f. 95,
96, 99.
reguiaris, Rve.=mamillaris,
sinensis, Linn. sp. 21, f. 75-79.
solida, Rve.=mamillaris.
sordida, Brod. sp. 17, f. 49, 50.
spinulosa, Ch.=sinensis.
spirata, Forbes, sp. 15, f. 97,98.
subreflexa, Carp. sp. 5, f. 67, 68.
tomentosa, Quoy=calyptree-
formis.
unguis, Brod. sp. 18, f. 47, 48.
violascens, Carp. = calyptre-
formis.
vulgaris, Phil.=sinensis,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO CREPIDULA.

aculeata, Gmel. sp. 9, f, 124,
125

Adolphe, Lesson ; not identi-
fied.

adspersa, Dunk. sp. 16, f. 126,
127

adunca, Sowb. sp. 14, f. 15.
amygdalus, Val.=onyx.
aplysioides, Rve.=onyx.
arenata, Brod.=fornicata.
bilobata, Gray, sp. 6, f. 108.
calceolina, Desh.=unguifor-
mis.
californica, Nutt.=aculeata.
candida, Risso=unguiformis.
capensis, Quoy ; not identified.
cerithicola, C. B. Ad.=onyx.
chinensis, Gray, sp. 28, f. 152-
154.

contorta, Quoy, sp. 21, f. 187,
138.

convexa, Say, sp. 11, f. 109,
110.

costata, Desh. sp. 13, f. 113,
114.

dilatata, Lam. sp. 1, f. 100,
101, 102

dorsata, Brod. sp. 29, f. 45, 46.

echinus, Brod.=aculeata.

excavata, Brod. sp. 6, f. 119.

explanata, Gould = nayicel-
loides.

exuviata, Nutt. sp. 23, f. 141,
142.

fimbriata, Rve.= Lessoni.

fissurata, Sowb. sp. 10, f. 151.

foliacea, Brod. sp. 3, f. 103,
106, 107.

74 INDICES.

fornicata, Linn. sp. 5, f. 118,
123.

garnotus, Ad.=adunca ? |

gemmacea, Val.=rugosa.

glauca, Say=fornicata.

goreensis, Ad.; not identified.

hepatica, Desh. sp. 19, f. 131,
132.

Holurthii, Parrey; not iden-
tified.

hystria, Brod.=aculeata. -

immersa, Ad. and Rve.=por-
cellana.

incurva, Brod. sp. 20, f. 183-
135.

intermedia, D’Orb. ; not iden-
tified.

italica, Defr.=unguiformis.

lentiginosa, Sowb. sp. 18, f.
130, 180*.

Lessoni, Brod. sp. 25, f. 144,
145, 146.

lingulata, Gould=exuyiata P

lirata, Rve.=incurya.

marginalis, Brod.sp.12,f.111.

Moulinsti, Mich.=aplysioides
=onyx.

nautiloides, Lesson, sp. 2, f.
104, 105.

navicelloides ? sp. 24, f. 143.

nivea, C. B. Ad.=exuviata.

nummaria, Gould = navicel-
loides.

onyx, Sowbd. sp. 4, f. 112.
osculans, C. B. Ad.=navicel-
loides.
pallida, Brod.=dilatata.
patagonica, D’Orb=dilatata P
patula, Desh. ; not identified.
perforans P=exuviata P
peruviana ?=dilatata, Lam.
plana, Ad. and Rve.= Walshii.
plana, Say=unguiformis.
porcellana, Linn. sp. 7, f. 120,
121, 122.
rostrata, C. B. Ad. sp. 15,
So Ly.
rostriformis, Gld.=adunca P
rugosa, Nuttall P=onyx.
rugulosa, Brod.=foliacea.
Rusei, Dak. ; not identified.
scabies, Rve.=Walshii.
sinuosa, Turt.=unguiformis.
sitchana, Midd. sp. 17, f. 128,
129.
solida, Hinds=uncata.
squama, Brod. sp. 26, f. 147,
148.

strigata, Brod.=foliacea.
subspirata, Bl. ; not identified.
trochiformis=spirata.

uncata, Mnke.=adunca.
unguiformis, Lamk. sp. 22, f.

139, 140.
Walshii, Herm. sp. 27, f. 149,
150.

75

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

NATICA.

Testa plerumque solida globosa, szpissime umbilicata ;
spira brevi, frequenter vix exserta, anfractibus paucis; um-
bilico aut amplo, aperto, aut callo spirali partim impleto,
aut callo columellari tecto; apertura plus minusve semi-
lunari. Operculum szpissime corneum tenue paucispirale,
interdum testaceum.—The Natice are generally globose and
solid: The most solid and compact are those which, like
N. canrena, have a spiral callus inside the umbilicus, and a
large proportion of these have an operculum with a shelly
outer surface. Others, like NV. didyma and its allies, have
the callus of the columella spread into a more or less rounded
pad, covering a large part or the whole of the umbilicus, and
have a thin horny operculum. A few species are quite thin
and simple, and without any umbilicus. The only division
that could be made would be between those species with a
shelly, and those with a horny operculum, but these are not
always known, and do not correspond with other divisional
characters. The shells of Naticze are mostly smooth, some
even polished, being more or less wrapped up in the opercu-
ligerous lobes. The divisions of the genus in the work of
the late Messrs. Adams are:

1. Natica. With spiral callus in umbilicus, and shelly
operculum. Ex. NV. canrena.

2. LunatiaA. With simple umbilicus, or none. Opere.
generally horny. Ex. L. catena.

3. Neocrita. Flat-spired, with lobed callus. Opere.
horny. Ex. N. olla.

(cee NATICA.

4, AMPULLINA. A. fluctwata.

5. Ruma. Small spire, large and wide mouth. Operc.
horny, narrow. Ex. R. mamillaris and Sebe.

6. Mamma. No characters applicable to all the species
enumerated. Ex. M. Draparnaudi and Caribea.

Species.

Operculum thin, horny.

1. otna, f. 1, Marcel de Serres.—Globosa, solida, superne
glauco-fusea, infra alba; spira brevi, anfractibus subrotundis
umbilico lato, profundo, callo columellari simplici fulvo,
dimidiatim umbilicum tegenti; apertura mediocri, labio
externo obtuse rotundo.—The most globose shell of the group
to which it belongs. The callus is swelled on the body-
whorl, and projects in a round form so as to cover about half
the umbilicus. It is simple. The NV. glawcina of Lamarck
is this shell, but that of Linnzeus belongs to another set.

2. camprecueEnsis, f. 7, Reclwz.—Precedenti similis, sed
depressa, lateraliter expansa, callo columellari rotundo, um-
bilicum fere tegentii—This may be considered the typical
form of the group to which it belongs. It is much depressed,
and the umbilicus is nearly covered in by the tumid and
expanded callus.

3. Reciuzrana, f. 6, Deshayes.—Conica ; spira exserta, aliter
N. Campechensi affinis, callo magis lingueeformi; anfractibus
prope suturam fusco fasciatis.—-With the essential characters
of the group, this species has a conically elevated form,
produced by lateral compression.

4, Bacont, f. 2, Reeve.-—Quam J. olla magis obliqua, an-
fractibus superne depressis, callo umbilicali simplici sed
planulatim concavo.—Much more oblique and depressed than
the preceding. It has the umbilical callus undivided, but
flattened and depressed.

_ 5. auauca, f. 5, Hwmboldt.—Campechensi similis, sed
oblique valide depressa, apertura lateraliter expansa callo
umbilicali parvo, producto, lingueeformi, columella obliqua.—
Very obliquely depressed, with a small tongue-shaped, dark
callus projected partly over the umbilicus, and a very oblique,
thin columella.

NATICA. we

7. pipyMA,f. 4,14, Bolt.—W. olle et N. Campechensi similis,
sed callo umbilicali per suleum diviso.—Glaucina of Lamarck
not being the glaucina of Linneeus, this species has been
divided into several, under other names, by Recluz, &e.
These are: Chemmitzii, Recluz (glawcina, Lamarck, not
Linneus), our f. 4; Petiveriana, Recluz, with the callus a
little less produced; and Lamarckiana, Deshayes, our f. 14.—
These all differ from NV. olla and campechensis in having
the projecting umbilical callus divided by a grove. They
cannot be fairly separated from each other, and we follow
the arrangement of the British Museum in applying to them
the above resuscitated name.

8. PROBLEMATICA, f. 54, Reeve.—Quam NV. didyma magis
oblique elevata; umbilico elongato; callo umbilicali angusto,
diviso.—The greater obliquity in form and the columnar
elevation of the callus may perhaps justify the separation of
this species.

9. HERCULEA, f. 3, Jonas.—Maena globosa pallide fulva ;
spira exsertiuscula, anfractibus ad suturam angulatis, tum
declivibus; apertura magna, labio externo superne producto,
sinuato ; columella arcuata, lata, callosa, partim super umbi-
licum producta ; umbilico lato.—A large shell, differing from
the preceding group in form and in the callus, which is
scarcely extended into a lobe over the umbilicus. The whorls
are angular near the suture, and then slope outwards.

10. Incur, f. 63, 64 (young), 101-163, Phil.— Oblique
depressa, subangulata, subtus albida, superne castanea aut
flavida, spira depresso-conica, callo rotundo tumido, umbi-
licum replenti, ad suturam tumido.—Of a depressed, rather
angular form, with a large callus at the suture, sometimes
showing above the edge of the outer lip, and an umbilical
callus completely filling up the wide cavity.

11. cuavata, f. 27, 167, Sowerby. — Oblique ovata,
albida ; umbiiico magno, profundo, callo umbilicali magno
claviformi, rotundo, planato interne spiraliter continuo.—
Differing from NV. Jncet in the more obliquely oval form,
and in having the button-shaped umbilical callus separated
from the body-whorl so as to show its spiral origin in the
cavity.

12. Draparnaunl, f, 84, Recluz.—Globoso-subacuminata,
obliqua, anfractibus declivibus, anfractibus aurantiis, ad

U

78 NATICA.

suturam albifasciatis, umbilico magno, callo spirali angusto ;
apertura semilunari, albida, labio interno late calloso et
medio calli lobato.—In form and colour resembling J.
aurantia, but differing in having a spiral callus.

13. cotumnaris, f. 37, Recluz.—Alba, nitens, oblique de-
pressa et lateraliter compressa; umbilico latissimo, callo
spirali rotundo, apertura obliqua, labio interno superne
calloso, ad umbilicum prominente lobato.—A white oblique
shell with wide umbilicus and thick spiral callus.

14. oRIENTALIS, f. 65,66, Gmelin.—Oblique globosa, alba
vel castanea spira acutiuscula, ultimo anfractu ad suturam
depresso crenulato, subito ad aperturam expanso; umbilico
magno, intus spiraliter univaricoso, columella rectiuscula ad
varicem umbilicalem callosa.—Close to the suture the last
whorl is depressed, almost channelled, and crenulated at the
edge.

15. aLpumen, f. 57, Lamarck.—Lata, aurantio-fusca, late-
raliter compressa, umbilico amplissimo, prope marginem
bicarinato, callo spirali latissimo crasso; apertura semi-
lunata, magna; labio interno calloso ad umbilicum latissime
lobato.—Remarkable for an oblique compression from back
to front, and the widest umbilicus with the thickest and
broadest spiral callus to be found in any species.

16. nEros, f. 8, Say.—Herculee similis, magis conica,
tenuis et elevata, columella rectiuscula, angusta, vix callosa,
labio interno tenui.Resembling NV. herculea in general
form, but more upright and with a more conical spire. The
columella is straight and without the usual callus. These
differences are only somewhat exaggerated in N. duplicata
of Say, which cannot be regarded as distinct.

17. pomum, f. 19, Smcth.—Globoso-subturbinata, tenuis,
superne castaneo-purpurea, epidermide fusca induta ; spira
parva, anfractibus rotundis, ultimo magno, inflato, infra
subacuminato; labio externo tenul, columella tenuiter et
simplice reflexa, umbilico obliquo, angusto.—Of a light thin
texture nearly resembling an Ampullaria. The columella
is thinly reflected over the body-whorl above, and forms a
simple sinuated edge over the umbilicus, which is narrow and
oblique; mouth dull chestnut, the same colour showing
through the ight brown epidermis.

NATICA. 79

18. pApyRACEA, f. 149, Sowerby.—Globosa, tenuissima, JV.
pomo similis, magis rotunda, spira exserta, anfractibus
rotundis; columella sinuatim subcallosa ; colore pallide fulvo
obscure bifasciato.—This shell bears a much nearer re-
semblance to Helix pomwm than the preceding.

19. FLava, f. 125, Gould.—Globoso-subturbinata, tenuis,
-flavida, spira brevissima, ultimo depresso, apertura magna,
umbilico parvo, columella infra rectiuscula, supra medium
callosa.—Simple in form and light in structure, with a very
small callus on the upper part of the rather straight columella,
covering part of the umbilicus.

20. CANRENA, f. 24, operc. f. 169, Linmnewus.—Solida,
globosa, aureo quadrifasciata ad interstitia arcuatim castaneo
maculata; spira brevi, umbilico magno lato, spiraliter valide
univaricoso, anfractu ultimo rapide versus aperturam expanso;
apertura magna, intus purpurea, semirotunda ; columella rec-
tiuscula medio ad costam umbilicalem semirotunde callosa;
operculo solido semispirali multicostato.—Distinguished by
bands of golden brown, with white interstices spotted with

dark bent markings. The lower outline of the body-whorl
is hollowed. Operculum half spiral, thickly ribbed.

21. tinuata, f. 38, Lamarck.—Oblique globosa, albida,
lineis rubris undulatis, infra terminantibus strigata ; apertura
infra expansa, intus purpurea, umbilico lato, varice spirali
lato.—Delicately striped with thin undulating red lines,
with a broad spiral varix in the umbilicus; aperture
obliquely pyriform, purple within.

22. Evens, f.150, Recluz.—Lineate similis, magis obliqua,
lineis quadrifariam undulatis; varice umbilicali latissimo,
depresso.—More oblique than lineata, with the lines four-
waved, and the umbilical varix very broad and depressed.

23. zeBRA, f. 92, Lamarck.—Globosa, fulva, striis acute
et arcuatim undulatis seriatim picta; spira acuta anfractibus
declivibus ; umbilico magno, callo spirali valido labio interno
tenuiusculo, apertura oblique declivi.—The stripes are beau-
tifully undulated in points and curves.

24, ALA-PAPILIONIS, f. 46, Chemnitz.—Canrene forma simi-
lis, leviter concentrice plicata fusco-aurata; interstitiis fas-
ciarum albis, tessellatim maculatis, varice umbilicali obliquo,
apertura oblique semicirculari, fauce purpurea.—Much re-

80 NATICA.

sembling NV. canrena, but slightly plaited and with oblong
markings on the white interstices of the bands.

25. BropertprAna, f. 91, Recluz.—Globoso-subpyramidata,
concentrice lirata, fulva, fasciis tribus albis castaneo maculatis
picta, infra alba; umbilico mediocri, callo spirali oblique
compresso, columella superne callosa, medio lobata.—Across
the body of the shell are three white bands, each painted
with a series of large chestnut spots.

26. suncaTa, f. 33, 34, Born.—Globosa, plicis concen-
tricis et lineis spiralibus puncturatis cancellata; albida,
vel castaneo bifasciatim variegata; umbilico lato, callo
spirali angusto.—The cross lines pass over the ribs, and are
punctured in the interstices.

27. ruFA, f.42, Born.—Globosa, solida, subobliqua, ultimo
anfractu ad aperturam expanso, superne et infra medium
castaneo bifasciato; apertura magna, columella oblique
recta, ad ultimum anfractum reflexa, callosa; umbilico
mediocri callo spirali angustiusculo.—The upper part of the
whorls of this globose shell is nearly covered with two broad,
’ defined bands.

28. ruLGURANS, f. 123, Recluz.—Oblique subglobosa, pal-
lide fulva, maculis fusco-nigrescentibus picta; spira sub-
pyramidata, anfractibus declivibus; umbilico parviusculo
ceallo spirali-mediocriimMarked with camp-like angles.

29. cotuarta, f. 121, Lamarck.—Globosa fulva, undulatim
strigata, prope suturam alba, fusco sagittata; spira subpro-
ducta, anfractibus convexis; umbilico parvo; callo spirali
deorso ; apertura intus purpureo suffusa.—Remarkable for
the white band at the suture, with arrowhead markings.

30. CoLet, f. 142, 143, 144, Recluz.—Oblique subglobosa,
lateraliter compressa, ad suturam obscure plicata, flammis
eastaneis seriatim picta, apertura oblique declivi, intus pur-
purea, callo spirali et umbilico majusculis.—This pretty
little oblique species is variously marked with rows of flame-
marks in alternately reversed directions.

31. macuLata, f. 21, 22, Chemnitz.—Globosa, solida, pal-
lide fulva, castaneo punctata et interdum triseriatim macu-
lata; spira brevi, anfractibus superne depressis subangulatis ;
umbilico magno, callositate spirali tumida intranti, apertura

NATICA. 81

semilunata, intus purpurea.—-In spite of the preliminary
adverb attached to this name by Chemnitz, there seems to be
no valid reason for dropping it in favour of Lamarck’s later
name, millepunctata, which Reeve applied to the variety
which is only spotted all over, and not banded with rows of
blotches.

32. spapicea, f. 20, Gmelin.—Magna, globosa, crassa,
medio anfractuum castanea, albo bifasciata ; spira brevi an-
fractibus ad suturam depressis et crenulatis, umbilico an-
gustiusculo, callo spirali depresso, lato.—The principal part
of the shell is brown or delicately fawn-coloured, with a white
band at the suture, and one dividing the brown. The spiral
callus is broad and depressed.

33. Apansoni, f. 94, Reeve.—N. maculate simillima, sed
angustior.—In colouring and substance resembling NV. ma-
culata (the blotched var.), having also the dark purple tint
in the inner part of the mouth, but much narrower, with a
more elevated spire. It is ‘ Ze Panel’ of Adanson ; possibly
a variety of the above.

34. macuLosa, f. 18, Lamarck.—-Globoso-subpyramidata,
anfractibus superne declivibus, purpureo punctatis, infra sub-
inflatis immaculatis, callo spirali umbilicali angusto.—Spire
produced, whorls spotted and shelving above, beeoming wider
and clearer towards the lower part.

35. PELLIS-TIGRINA, f. 83, Chemmnitz.—Anguste globosa
fulva, punctis magnis purpureis ornata ; spira elevata, anfracti-
bus superne ad suturam depressis, tum tumidis infra contractis
umbilico latiusculo, varice spirali umbilicali angusto.—Much
like V. Adansoni in form, but not so narrow. It is painted
with large round purplish spots; the spiral umbilical varix
is narrow.

36. MAHEENSIS, f. 40, Reclwz.—Globosa, alba, interruptim
castaneo bifasciata; ultimo anfractu ad suturam infraque
leviter plicato ; umbilico brevi rotundo, callo spirali rotundo
ad terminum deflecto.—The two chestnut bands are neatly
interrupted in lines, and the umbilical callus is placed at the
lower part of the cavity.

37. Guattertana, f. 152, Petit.—Oblique subovata an-
gusta tenuis, linearum rubrarum fasciis tribus ornata; spira

82 NATICA.

elevata ; umbilico angusto, callo umbilicali fere tecto.—The
three bands of linear markings call V. maheensis to mind,
although the form is very different, and the narrow umbilicus
nearly filled with the columellar callus.

38. MAROCHIENSIS, f. 62, 108, 109, 151, Gmelin.—Globosa
solida griseo-alba, medio anfractis ultimi late unifasciato ;
eetate juniori variat pallida, punctis sagittiformibus vel
arcuatis seriatim depositis, anfractibus prope suturam obscure
crenulatis— From the large plain-banded shell named uni-
fasciatus by Lamarck the changes are gradual towards the
lighter grey banded varieties with arrow-headed or curved spots.
The smaller varieties are slightly crenulated at the suture,
and have a slightly more pyramidal form.

39. catEenaTA, f. 106, 107, Philippi.—Quam N. maro-
chiensis magis superne pyramidata, spira exserta anfractibus
declivibus, callo spirali in umbilicum deorso.—More narrow
and pointed than the above-named, with the spiral callus
laid lower down in the umbilicus. The markings on the
grey bands are generally bright and lively.

40. Locetius, f. 155, Philippt.—Globosa, medio anfrac-
tuum late griseo fasciata, fascia maculis angulatis marginata ;
umbilico parvo, callo spirali fere obtecto; apice acuto,
anfractibus convexis.—Not having seen this shell since 1855,
I cannot be quite sure about the spiral callus.

41. rantHostoma, f. 52, Deshayes.—Globosa, fulva, ob-
scure griseo fasciata ; spira subproducta, antractibus superne
depressis, tum subangulatis; umbilico angusto callo spirali
magno, columella ad umbilicum callosa. Apertura intus
purpurascenti.—A greyish-brown shell resembling V. mont-
lifera, but having the umbilicus and callus of the present
section.

42. raputum, f. 61, Reeve.—Globosa, albida; spira sub-
pyramidata anfractibus subdeclivibus; umbilico parvo, callo
spirali rotundo, brevi.—The umbilicus in this nearly white
species is small, and the spiral callus nearly fills it.

43. virrata, f. 115, 116, Lamarck.—Quam JN. collaria
magis depressa maculis medio rariusculis supra infraque
fasciatim dispositis, callo umbilicali parvo, mediano.—Re-
sembling NV. collarza, but more depressly globose, with the

NATICA. ; 83

markings more scattered. The spiral callus is very narrow,
and placed higher up in the umbilicus.

44, norata, f. 168, Sowerby.—Parva, solida fere alba,
ovato-subglobosa, lineis tribus castaneis tenuibus cincta,
strigillis flexuosis supra infraque longitudinaliter notatis,
spira brevi, anfractibus convexis ad suturam plicatis; columella
recta, angusta, ad umbilicum inconspicue lobata, callo spirali
mediano, subdepresso.— Very neatly ornamented with linear
spirals and cross flexuous markings.

45. Ditwyntana, f. 166, Reclwz ?—Obliqua, subcompressa,
ad suturam inconspicue plicata fulva, albo fasciata, fasciis
maculis castaneis articulatis; callo spirali crasso, columella
ad umbilicum lobata.—More oblique and compressed in front
than V. Traillii ; in these respects differing from NV. canrena,
of which the specimens might be taken for miniatures.

46. unrmacunata, f. 105, Reeve.-—Ovato-acuminata, fumoso-
fusca ; spira producta acuta, anfractibus declivibus, umbilico
angustiusculo, eallo spirali valido, columella flexuosa, superne
late callosa, medio lobata; lobo castaneo unimaculato.— With
a bright spot of colour on the columellar pad of the spiral
callus.

47. Cumineiana, f. 31, Reclwz.—Globoso-subpyramidata,
latissime castaneo fasciata; spira subacuminata, anfractibus
declivibus; apertura semilunari, castaneo marginata, co-
lumella medio lobata, umbilico medio reflexo, lobato, intus
subplanato.—A beautiful chestnut-banded species, with a lobe
on the columella, but no spiral callus in the umbilicus.

48. Powrstana, f. 32, Recluz.—Globosa, N. Cumingiane
simillima sed brevior; umbilico latissimo, callo spirali tu-
midissimo.—This species and the preceding are so much
alike, that the difference, which chiefly consists in the pro-
minent spiral callus of the former, is hardly at first perceived.

49. curinensis, f. 9, Lamarck.—Oblique subovata, pallida,
maculis quadratis triseriatim dispositis picta, spira brevi,
acuta, antractibus rapide expansis, ad suturam depressis, pli-
catis; apertura umbilico calloque spirali maximis; fauce
purpurea.—Distinguished by the rapid increase of the whorls,
the largeness of the aperture, the umbilicus and its callus,
and the rows of square bright spots.

84 NATICA.

50. prota, f. 120, Recluz.—N. zelandice similis; sed
maculis sagittatis minoribus; labio interno supra calloso
infra acute diviso; apertura intus purpurea.—There is a
sharp notch between the upper callus and the umbilical lobe,
which hides much of the cavity. The marks are small and
arrow-headed.

51. ruriasris, f. 127, Reeve-—Globosa pallida cinereo
fasciata, castaneo obscure variegata; spira breviuscula, an-
fractibus convexis, callo umbilicali tumido, rubro, umbilicum
fere tegentiicA globose shell, with red columellar callus
nearly filling the umbilicus.

52. rrisrrtaTa, f. 138, Say.—Globosa, sordide livida,
obscure trifasciata, spira paulo elevata, anfractibus convexi-
usculis; columella alba, subeequaliter tumida, umbilicum
parvum partim tegenti; apertura pyriformi, interne vivide
castaneo trifasciata.—Of a dull livid colour, generally show-
ing its three chestnut bands most brightly in the mouth.

53. Forrunet, f. 153, Reeve-—Subglobosa alta livida;
tenuis; spira elevata, anfractibus rotundis, umbilico angusto,
eallo spirali fere umbilicum implenti; columella infra arcuata.
—The very narrow umbilicus is nearly filled by the small
spiral callus seen behind the columella.

54. apertA, (no fig.) Sowerby.—Globosa tenuis, superne
livida, infra livide fulva; spira brevi, anfractibus albo-mar-
ginatis, ultimo inflato, apertura intus castanea, superne sub-
depressa, infra expansa; columella superne tenui, infra um-
bilicum anguste callosa, cum callo spirali parvo umbilicali
confluenti; umbilico angustissimo superne angulato.— The
peculiarity of this species was not observed till it became too
late to give a figure. The umbilicus is extremely narrow,
ending in a notch above; and in it is a small spiral callus,
which is obliquely confluent with the lower part of the
thickened columella.

55. intricata, f. 114 (var. prowima, f. 111), Donovan.— -
Subovato-globosa livida, fasciis pallidis castaneo minute varie-
gatis picta; umbilico lato, castaneo, callis columellaribus
duobus spiralibus tenuibus, columella tenui, bilobata.—In
general characters resembling N. Alderi, but with a broad
umbilicus, in which are two narrow spiral calli.

NATICA. 85
56. roraTA, f. 96, Reeve.—Globosa fulva punctata, fasciis
albis castaneo articulatis, et maculis maximis paucis ad
suturam picta; spira brevi, anfractibus rotundis, umbilico
castaneo maximo, callo diviso tenui spiraliter costato ; colu-
mella superne crassa lata, infra attenuata.—Differing from
NV. intricata in the roundness of the whorls, the spire of the
latter being more obliquely conical.

57. zELANDICA, f. 119, Quwoy.—Globoso-subpyramidata,
superne fulva, maculis castaneis arcuatis quinqueseriatim
dispositis, spira subacuminata, anfractibus declivibus, aper-
tura obliqua, intus castaneo suffusa, umbilico mediocri, colu-
mella lobata, callo umbilicali crasso.—The chestnut spots on
the white lines are curved.

58. MAMILLA, f. 28, 29, 30, Linnceus.—Alba, nitens, solida,
pyramidata; spira elevata, anfractibus apicalibus brevibus,
ultimo magno declivi; apertura semilunari, labio externo
superne elevato, labio columellari expanso, callo infra lobato
umbilicum tegentii—A polished white shell, with a very
broadly callous inner lip, the lower part of which forms a
lobe nearly or entirely covering the umbilicus. NV. albula
(f. 30), Recluz, V. pyriformis (f. 28), Recluz, and N. inter-
media, Recluz, can only be regarded as more or less widened
or pyramidal varieties.

59. canpipissima, f. 26, Le Guillow.—Alba, ponderosa,
globoso-subtrigona; spira brevissima, depresso-conica, tum
tumida, infra expansa, callo umbilicali superne lato tumi-
dissimo, columella rotunda, callo spirali umbilicum implenti.
—White, thick, the last whorl increasing largely in breadth,
and the narrow umbilicus partly filled with a rounded spiral
callus.

60. aurantia, f. 15, 16, ZLamarck.—Solida, subpyra-
midata, V. samille similis, sed vivide aurantia sed flavida.
—The orange colour in one variety and the lemon in another
contrast beautifully with the brilliant white of the columellar
callosity, but hardly seem to justify the separation of this
from V. mamilla, except as a matter of convenience.

61. prrposa, f. 43, Reeve. — Depresso-globosa, crassa,
vivide aurantia; spira brevissima, anfractibus depressis tum
tumidis, umbilico maximo, partim obtecto, columella latissime
callosa, callo ad umbilicum rotundo; apertura anguste elon-

’ x

86 NATICA.

gata, superne ad suturam depressa.—Resembling NV. awrantia
in colour, but broad and depressed, and with the umbilicus
so wide that the umbilical callus, although extremely wide
and tumid, only covers two-thirds of it.

62. pupra, f. 56, Recluz.—Globosa stramineo-alba crassa ;
spira parva, ad suturam tumida, anfractu ultimo infra
marginato, columella latissime callosa umbilicum tegenti.—
More globose than any of the mamilla group, with a broad
columellar callus partly covering the umbilicus, but not its
thickened broad border.

63. PanamEnsis, f. 18, Recluz.—Alba, globoso-subpyra-
midata, V. candidissime similis, sed magis elevata, superne
angustior, umbilico latiori, callo spirali inconspicuo.—- Like
N. candidissima in form, but more elevated and straight-
sided towards the spine; the umbilicus open, with a very
depressed spiral callus.

64. Vavaost, f. 122, Le Guillou.—Alba pyramidata,
N. mamille similis, sed umbilico semiobtecto, callo columel-
lari ad umbilicum oblique contracto.—An extraneous deposit
sometimes appears on the upper whorls, which is not to be
mistaken for natural colour. The shell is of the mamilla
group, but the front callus is contracted obliquely towards
the columella at the umbilicus so as to cover only half of it.

65. pyramis, f. 35, Reeve.—Alba pyramidata, spira elevata,
anfractibus declivibus, umbilico parvo, callo columellari ad
ultimum anfractum crasso; apertura subtrigona.—The colu-
mellar callus leaves the greater part of the small umbilicus
open.

66. Fiemrinerana, f. 99, Recluz.—Alba, nitens, crassa,
oblique pyramidata ; spira elevata, anfractibus convexiusculis ;
apertura brevi, superne oblique depressa, columella ad an-
fractum ultimum late callosa, ad umbilicum leviter lobata,
infra oblique contracta, umbilico mediocri, semiobtecto.
As in NV. Vavaosi the umbilicus is only partly covered by the
slight oblique lobe of the columellar callus.

67. MamiLuaris, f. 68, Lamarck.—Pyramidata, fumoso-
fusca; spira elevata, anfractibus declivibus; umbilico elongato,
columella ad umbilicum lobata, callo spirali lato.—A thick
pyramidal shell with a prominent spiral callus.

NATICA. 87

68. uBR, f. 51, Valenciennes.—Alba, subpyramidata; spira
acuminata, anfractibus declivibus; umbilico parvo, callo spirali
angusto, columella ad anfractum expansa, callosa.—In this
whitish pyramidal species the spiral callus is rather small,
and lies close behind the columellar lobe.

69. PHYTELEPAS, f. 58, Reeve.—Globosa, subviride fulva;
spira brevi, anfractibus subdeclivibus ; umbilico parvo, callo
columellari brevi, columella superne expansa, callosa.—
Globose, with short umbilicus partly filled up.

70. MELASTOMA, f. 100, Swainson.—Globoso-subpyramidata,
cinerea, spira pyramidata, anfractibus convexo-declivibus,
versus suturam lividis, apertura intus purpurea, nigricanti,
subtrigona, columella late callosa, sanguinea, umbilicum
tegenti.—Shaped like the mamulla group, of a livid colour,
with a blackish-purple mouth, and the columellar callus
spread over a somewhat narrower umbilicus.

71. perspicua, 70, Reclwz.—Violaceo-alba, obscure fasciata,
subpyramidata, spira elevata, anfractibus declivibus; um-
bilico lato elevato castaneo; columella flexuosa, lobata, callo
spirali depresso.—A pyramidal species of a delicate lilac-
white colour, excepting at the umbilicus, which, with the
columella, is deep chestnut.

72. mrrusa, f. 82, Swainson.—aAlba, semipellucida, ovato-
pyramidata, spira elevata, acuminata, anfractibus declivibus,
ad suturam fascia opaca flavida cincta ; umbilico lato, elevato,
callo spirali depresso, lato; apertura lata, infra effusa, colu-
mella superne ad anfractum expansa, callosa, medio in lobum
elongatum expansa.—Resembling WV. perspicua in form, but
semipellucid white, with opaque band at the suture.

73. InTEMERATA, f. 44, Philippi.—Quam WM. effusa brevior,
umbilico lato, brevi, columella ad umbilicum magis valide
lobata.—Shorter, more globose and tumid than J. effusa.

74, pLuMBEA, f. 69, Lamarck.—Pyramidata, livida; spira ele-
vata acuminata, anfractibus ad suturam subcanaliculatis tum
declivibus; apertura brevi, columella ad ultimum anfractum
callosa, ad umbilicum anguste lobata, umbilico angusto.—
Lead-coloured and very pyramidal, with narrow umbilicus,
and columellar callus with a small lobe reflected over it.

75. Srraneet, f. 80, Reeve.—Globoso-subpyramidata, cine-
rea, sutura aureo marginata; spira subacuminata, anfractibus

88 NATICA.

vix convexis; umbilico lato, subsulcato, labio interno superne
incrassato, infra vix lobato; apertura purpurea, aureo mar-
ginata, pyriformi.—In form a little more pyramidal than the
British WV. sordida, of a dark ashy colour, with the mouth
dark purple and gold-edged, and the suture and columella
edged with gold.

76. LEvcopHmA, f. 60, Reeve.—Oblique globosa, fusco-
plumbea, spira breviuscula, anfractu ultimo infra inflato ;
apertura magna, infra expansa, labio columellari albo, superne
expanso calloso ad umbilicum semirotunde lobato, margine
aurantio, umbilico magno.—Of a dull leaden-brown colour,
with a columellar lip, which is broad and callous on and below
the body-whorl, and lobed at the umbilicus. It is white,
with an orange-red margin.

77. sotipa, f. 81, Blainville.—Crassa rotunda castanea
spira depressa, pyramidata; apertura castaneo marginata intus
cinerea, callo umbilicali subtrigono, latissimo, castaneo
nigricanti umbilicum tegenti.—A round, depressed, chestnut-
coloured species, with a very dark, broad, three-cornered
umbilical callus, covering a wide umbilicus.

78. contca, f. 25, Lamarck.—Pyriformis pallide fulva
griseo late fasciata; spira elevata, anfractibus declivibus, ad
suturam albo fasciatis, columella superne expansa et tumida,
aurantio-nigrescenti, ad umbilicum leviter lobata, umbilico
parvo, callo spirali angustissimo.—The most pyramidal of all
the species, differing from the mamilla group in having a
spiral callus, although a small one.

79. ustuLtata, f. 112, Sowerby.—Alba, pyramidata, poli-
tissima, spira elevata, anfractibus convexiusculis, umbilico
brevi castaneo, apertura brevi, labio interno superne ad
anfractum expanso, medio tumide lobato, macula magna ovata
picto.—Resembling N. conica, but shorter, with the whorls
more convex. No visible spiral callus, but a columellar pad
over the narrow umbilicus, with a large brown spot upon it.

80. Juxustt, f. 55, Reeve.—Alba nitens, subquadratim glo-
bosa; spira brevissima, anfractibus superne depressis, tum
tumidis; umbilico magno, callo columellari ad ultimum an-
fractum lato, crasso, infra versus columellam oblique lobato
et contracto.—The whorls are somewhat tumid above and
below, and the large umbilicus is two-thirds uncovered.

NATICA. 89

81. ravipa, f. 53, Souleyet.—Globosa lutea; spira brevi,
subpyramidata ; apertura semilunari, labio interno latissime
expanso et calloso dimidiatim umbilicum tegenti.—A round,
onion-shaped shell, with small though pyramidal spire. The
wide callus is almost truncated diagonally across the upper
part of the umbilicus,

82. porcELLANA, f. 126, D’Orbigny.—Ovato-pyramidata,
pallide grisea, ad suturam et infra albo fasciata; columella
conspicue et late callosa, lobo umbilicum angustum partim
tegenti—The main part of this shell is pellucid grey, but at
the suture and on the lowest part of the last whorl there are
opaque white bands.

83. cariBBmA, f. 165, Philippi.—Ovato-oblonga grisea,
ad suturam albifasciata; spira conica, producta; apertura
pyriformi, columella callosa simplici, umbilico angusto.—
Smaller in size, but of similar form to V. Gallapagosa ; of a
violet-grey colour, with sutural white band ; columellar callus
spread narrowly over body-whorl, and covering very little of
the narrow umbilicus.

84. gaLLapaGcosa, f. 95, Recluz.—Ovato-oblonga grisea
castaneo tincta; spira brevi conica, anfractibus ad suturam
unifasciatis, valde declivibus; umbilico elongato; apertura
castanea elongata, columella alba, callo umbilicali albo an-
gusto.—Of the same texture and colour as in the didyma and
olla groups, but narrow and pointed, with a nearly upright,
narrow umbilical callus.

85. Frusca, f. 104, Carpenter.—A larger shell than the
preceding, with a less defined band at the suture.

86. vIOLACEA, f. 11, Sowerby. — Globoso-subpyramidata,
solida, pallida, maculis subquadratis castaneis quinquefariam
tessellata ; ultimo anfractu supra aperturam subangustato ele-
vato ; columella ad umbilicum late callosa purpurea, umbilico
angusto, fere clauso.—The five rows of spots are more or less
square, so as to have a tessellated appearance. The colu-
mellar callus is long and thick, and coloured with purple.

87. semisuLcata, f. 59, Gray.—Parva alba oblique sub-
quadrata ; spira brevi, anfractibus ad suturam tumidis, tum
spiraliter tenuisulcatis; apertura subtrigona, columella sub-
tortua, medio lobata, umbilico latiusculo.—An open-mouthed

90 NATICA.

white species, with a slightly tumid ridge at the suture,
beneath which it is slightly grooved.

88. cora, f. 136, D’Orbigny.—F lavida pyramidata solida ;
spira exserta, ultimo anfractu versus suturam tumido medio
vix contracto, infra latiusculo; apertura breviuscula, um-
bilico angusto, labio interno ad anfractum ultimum et ad
columellam tumido.—Pyramidal, swollen at the suture, then
contracted and swollen again below; umbilicus narrow, colu-
mella swollen on the body-whorl and behind the columella
nearly down to the lower end.

89. GLABELLA, f. 159, Reeve.—Parva livida pyramidata ;
spira elevata, acuta, anfractibus declivibus, ad suturam
albo marginatis; apertura parva pyramidata, margine crasso,
umbilico parvo, columella ad umbilicum et supra callosa,
fusca.—A curious little pyramidal species of a grey colour,
with a white margin at the suture of the whorls.

90. Francisca, f. 162, Recluz.—w. glabelle similis, haud
tantum pyramidata, supra infraque alba, castaneo virgata
marginata. .

91. Raynavprana, f. 88, Reclwz.—Globoso-subpyramidata,
fulva, maculis flammisque castaneis fasciatim variegata ; spira
paulo elevata, anfractibus declivibus labio externo crassius-
culo, callo columnari dimidiatim umbilicum tegenti.—A
solid shell, characteristically marked with rather red chestnut
spots and flames, partly interrupted by whitish bands. Some
specimens are much more globose than the one figured.

92. sacrarana, f. 117, D’Orbigny.—Globoso-subpyramidata
subcinerea, dense strigillis zebraeformibus lineata; spira brevi,
conica, labio late calloso, subpurpureo umbilicum tegenti.—
A pretty little shell closely zebra-marked. The umbilicus is
covered by a dark columellar pad.

93. nitipA, f. 118, Donovan.—According to Reeve, a shell
quite distinct from the following ; but its identification with
Donovan’s NV. nitida is doubtful.—Seas of Europe.

94, Auperi, f. 113, Forbes.— Solidiuscula, NV. nitidee
forma similis, grisea fusco obscure et irregulariter variegata ;
spira haud tantum elevata, umbilico castaneo, magis operto,
columella lata, crassa, apertura brevii—Mr. Hanley figured
this shell as. the NV. glawcina of Linnzus, in which he was

NATIOA. 9)

probably correct; but this being a matter of uncertainty, it is
perhaps best to allow Lamarck’s generally adopted identifica-
tion to stand. Donovan’s VV. nitida seems to be the Medi-
terranean shell (our fig. 118); and the present species was
renamed because it did not appear to be rightly identified
with Donovan’s shell.

95. macitentTa, f. 154, Philippi.—Pyramidata, maculis
sagittatis. inter fascias fuscas variegata, umbilico angusto,
callo columellari fusco, infra oblique attenuato; apertura
castanea.

96. samarcENsIS, f. 110, C. B. Ad.—Oblique subovata,
livida, flammis undulatis ornata, callo columellari lato rotundo
castaneo-purpureo, umbilicum latum tegenti.—A more globose
form would have been more characteristic of this species,
which is remarkable for the round, broad, chestnut-coloured
pad covering a broad umbilicus.

97. pistrorMIs, f. 163, Reclwz.—Parva alba oblique sub-
globosa; umbilico parvo, columella ad umbilicum lobata.a—A
little white shell without distinctive characters.

98. venustuLA,f. 146, Recluz.—Gracilis ovata pallida, lineis
castaneis maculisque picta, spira elevata, anfractibus convexis ;
apertura brevi, labio columellari lato, expanso, umbilicum
tegenti.—A pale buff little shell, with the last whorl swollen
and raised above the aperture, and the columella broadly
swollen so as to cover the umbilicus.

99. nocuLa, f. 145, Reeve.—Parva sordida, subquadratim
globosa, columella callosa, medio lobata, umbilicum tegenti.
—The umbilicus is covered by the columellar rounded pad in
this little dull brown shell.

100. anBreviaTa, f. 157, 158, Sowerby.—Parva, livida,
obscure bifasciatim maculata ; spira brevi, anfractibus apicali-
bus parvis rotundis; ultimo subcylindraceo, ad suturam
leviter plicato, albo fasciato, apertura castanea, superne canali-
culata, labio externo superne depresso, tenui, labio interno
superne calloso, lobato, umbilicum tegenti.—This species
has a resemblance to several species of livid colour, but is
short and rather cylindrical, and has a closed operculum.

101. Antonu, f. 128, Philippi.—Ovato-pyramidata livida,
triseriatim maculata, apertura semicirculari castanea; labio

92 NATIOA.

columellari umbilicum tegenti.—Rather narrow and pyra-
midal; livid, with brown markings, with a narrow umbilicus,
partly covered by the white columellar callus, as it narrows
obliquely towards the lower part.

102. graciuis, f. 156, Sowerby.—Pallida, quam JV. ja-
maicensis magis oblique pyramidata, ad suturam leviter
plicata lobo castaneo columellari umbilicum dimidiatim
tegenti; spira elevata, anfractibus convexo-declivibus, aper-
tura breviusculax—Oblique, with a chestnut-coloured pad
half covering the epidermis.

103. pattipa, f. 137, Broderip.—Alba, ovato-subpyra-
midata; spira elevata, ultimo anfractu supra aperturam
convexo; apertura subpyriformi, callo columellari ad um-
bilicum tumide lobato ; umbilico angusto, partim obtecto.—
The last whorl is elevated and swollen above the aperture,
and the callus more than half covers the narrow umbilicus.

104. surrusa, f. 129, 130, Reeve.—Oblique cylindracea,
purpureo suffusa, tenuis, angusta; spira subproducta, apertura
pyriformi, columella alba, tumida.—Obliquely cylindrical,
rather thin, suffused with a purple tint, no umbilicus.

105. purrtiis, f. 132, Gould.—Parva pyramidata alba;
umbilico parvo, per callum fere obtecto.—There is very
little appreciable character about this dull white pyramidal
shell; it has a little half-round pad on the coiumella nearly
covering the narrow umbilicus.

106. mmacunatTa, f. 147, Totten.—Parva sordida sub-
cylindracea; spira acuminata, umbilico angusto; apertura
superne callosa.—Rather cylindrical, with no particular
colour, no markings, and a narrow umbilicus.

107. mozaica, f. 133, 134, Sowerby.—Ovata, alba maculis
magnis castaneis quadratis quadrifariam tessellata, prope
suturam maculis paucis, elongatis; spira brevissima; anfractu
ultimo ad suturam tumido, infra medium subveutricoso ;
apertura semicirculari, labio columellari superne calloso,
lobo rotundo umbilicum tegenti.

108. pavimENTUM, f. 97, Reeve.—Parva globoso-subcylin-
dracea alba nitens, czeruleo fasciata, maculis castaneis tes-
sellata, umbilico tecto.—On the main whorl there are a
central and a lower blue band with small tessellated spots in

NATICA. 93

the middle On the broad white bands above and below are
larger and more distant spots.

109. rutminEA, f. 85, 86, 87, Gmelin. —Globosa, pallide
fulva, angulatim fule ur ata, nonnunquam punetata; spira brevi,
anfractibus superne subdepressis, umbilico magno, sub-
marginato, aperto, callo columellari superne incrassato.—
This lightning-marked shell is susceptible of much variation.

110. FLortpa, f. 90, Reeve.-—Globosa, pallide fulva, pur-
pureo suffusa et fasciata, castaneo punctata; spira depressa
umbilico lato, castaneo, callo spirali angusto, mediano;
columella tenui, labio interno superne calloso.—Not remote
from NV, maculata, but more delicate in structure and
colouring. The spiral callus is very thin, and the umbilicus
coloured with chestnut.

111. Trncrurata, f. 89, Reeve.—Globosa solida pallide fulva
punctata, maculis obliquis pallide aurantiis et fasciis fuscis
picta, spira brevi, anfractibus prope suturam depressis, um-
_ bilico aperto.—A globose species, prettily painted with dots,
- orange blotches, and bands.

112. ruBRo-macuLaTa, f. 124, Smith, B. M.—Globoso-
subdepressa; supra infraque seriatim maculata, maculis
magnis rubris per lineas flexuosas junctis; spira brevi conica,
anfractibus ad suturam paulo elevatis, tum depressis, medio
subquadratis ; apertura superne depressa, lata, ad marginem
maculata, margine tenui; umbilico angusto, labio columel-
lari angusto, ad umbilicum lobato.

113. srrascrata, f. 45, Gray.—Ovata fulva medio an-
fractuum distanter albo fasciata; spira pyramidata, acu-
minata, anfractibus declivibus; apertura semilunata, labio
externo fulvo marginata, umbilico angustissimo, columella late
callosa castaneo-nigrescenti, ad umbilicum lobata.—Inter-
rupting the delicate dove colour of the body-whorl are two
narrow white bands in the centre, one at the suture and one
at the lower margin.

114, vireuus, f. 41, Lamarck.—Oblique subovato-globosa
crassa aurantia, maculis magnis albis biseriatim dispositis
cincta ; spira brevissima, anfractibus prope suturam depressis,
plicatis; apertura alba, labio interno late expanso, calloso
umbilicum partim tegentii—The well-known globular shell

Y

94 NATICA.

with two spiral bands of white spots cut out, as it were, in
the orange ground colour.

115. guososa, f. 47, Chemnitz.—Globoso-subovata albida
castaneo-grisescenti trifasciata, intervallis pallide castaneis,
anfractibus superne declivibus, infra albis; apertura semi-
circulari, intus obscure fasciatis; umbilico lato, margine
tumido; columella subarcuata, labio interno ad anfractum
ultimum late reflexo.—Almost ovate in form, delicately
coloured, in purplish-grey bands fused into unity by a per-
vading chestnut. Umbilicus wide open, columellar lip thick,
reflected, and callous at the upper part.

116. Forsxa.u, f. 39, Chemnitz.—Globosa albida tenuis,
fasciis tribus purpureo-castaneis interruptis cincta; spira
brevi, acuminata, anfractibus versus suturam depressis, leviter
plicatis ; apertura magna, umbilico subplanato superne calloso,
medio vix lobato.—The purplish broad bands are prettily
interrupted and divided.

117. SEPTENTRIONALIS, f. 67, Beck.—Globosa, tenuius-
cula, superne obscure castanea; spira breviuscula, anfractibus
superne depressis, ultimo subtus albido, spiraliter bilirato ;
umbilico per eallum columellarem partim celato ; labio in-
terno prope suturam calloso.—Rather more globose than
N. monilifera, of a dull chestnut colour down to the lower
part, where the colour is intercepted with a white band.

118. genvana, f. 139, Reeve.—Globosa fulva, fasciis pal-
lidioribus quaternis castaneo maculatis, interstitiis latioribus
rubro punctatis picta; spira brevi anfractibus convexis ad
suturam crenatis; apertura ovata, subdepressa, labio interno
superne calloso, medio latissime lobato, umbilicum tegenti.—
Coloured by light narrow bands with large spots, and broad
darker bands with minute dots. Umbilicus covered with a
callous pad extending widely from the columella.

119. Gaara, f. 49, Recluz.—Alhba, oblique globosa ; spira
brevissima, anfractibus ad suturam plicatis, ultimo infra
spiraliter bimarginato; umbilico angusto; columella ad
ultimum anfractum late callosa, ad umbilicum unilobata.—
Rounded, white, with wrinkles at the suture and a kind of
double edge at the bottom of the last whorl. The narrow
umbilicus is partly covered by a lobe on the columellar
callus

NATICA. 95

120. mmperrorata, f. 93, Sowerby.—Globosa crassa punc-
.ata et maculata; spira brevi, anfractibus superne depressis,
ad umbilicum spiraliter valide marginatis, callo columellari
crasso umbilicum tegenti; labio externo incrassato.—Although
resembling V. fulminea in colour and markings, this species
differs in the umbilical region being much thickened and the
umbilicus itself covered.

121. BuRIASENSIS, f. 131, Recluz.—Parva subcylindrica
pallida, lineis rubescentibus strigata; umbilico angusto,
labio columellari medio et supra medium tumido.—Owing
to the moving of the zoological collections, the editor was
unable to get more than an imperfect sketch of this species,
which is shorter and more cylindrical than represented.

122. Tram, f. 164, Reeve. —Globoso-subpyramidata,
pallide fulva, tenuiter lineis rubescentibus, infra medium
maculis castaneis fasciatim picta; spira breviusecula, an-
fractibus declivibus, apertura semicirculari, labio columellari
tumido, rectiusculo, ad umbilicum rotunde lobato, lobo pur-
pureo; umbilico clauso.— With several bands of reddish lines,
and below them a row of conspicuous spots.

123. VARIABILIS, f. 135, Reclwz.—Globosa, superne usque
ad medium grisea, rubro minute undulatim lineata, infra
albida, maculis rubris unifasciata; labio columellari anguste
tumido, fusco rubescenti, ad umbilicum lobato; umbilico
angusto.—The writer cannot well identify this species or its
varieties, but believes it to be a smaller shell than the figure
copied.

124. proxma, f. 111, C. B. Ad.—Globosa, grisea fulvo
fasciata fasciis albis castaneo maculatis tribus et punctis
intermediis minutis picta; spira brevi, obtusa, umbilico per
lobum columellarem partim obtecto.—A pretty little shell,
ornamented with chestnut-spotted white bands and minute
dots below.

124*, asettus, f. 161, Aeeve.— Parva globosa albida,
fasciis castaneis duabus spiraliter ornata, inter fascias sa-
gittatim notata; labio columellari lato calloso, infra semi-
rotundo, umbilicum tegenti.—lV. notata, similar in form,
and somewhat so in markings, belongs to a different set,
having an open umbilicus, and showing a little of the spiral

96 ‘ NATICA.

callus. The two purplish-chestnut bands are remarkably
characteristic of this species.

125. ciausa, f. 48, Broderip and Sowerby.—Alba globosa,
spira paulo exserta, anfractibus ad suturam depressis tum
rectiusculis; umbilico brevi, rotundo, columella infra an-
fractum ultimum in lobum rotundum expansa.—A rounded
white shell with short spire and shouldered whorls, and short
round umbilicus, over the upper part of which the columella
is expanded into a rounded pad.

126. TEXTILIS (no figure), Reeve.—Globosa, tenuis, superne
ceerulea, medio et infra subviride fulva, maculis magnis fuscis
triseriatim picta; umbilico magno, callo spirali mediano,
angusto, columella lobata, ultimo anfractu subdepresso,
operculo testaceo.—A characteristic shell unfortunately
omitted in the plates. It is thin, globose, and of a dull
greenish-bay colour, with three bands formed of angular
broad brown patches. Although thin, it has a shelly oper-
culum and a spiral umbilical callus.

127, carmna, f. 50, Philippi. — Globoso-subacuminata
tenuiuscula fulva, ad suturam fusco maculata; spira pro-
ducta, anfractibus subrotundis; umbilico latiusculo; colu-
mella callosa, ad umbilicum paulo expansa, simplici.—This
globose, fawn-coloured shell is familiar to British collectors,
and is distinguished by its shouldered whorls and the row of
reddish spots near the suture ; the columella is simple, widen-
ing upwards over part of the rather wide umbilicus.

128. sorpipa, f. 98, Philippi.—N. catenw similis, sed
sordide fusca immaculata, angustior, magis acuminata, an-
fractibus magis declivibus, apertura angustiori, labio interno
magis calloso.—The colour has a dull uniformity, and the
whorls of the spire a gradual slope, which are not found in
NV. catena.

129. Granianpica, f. 140, Beck. — Albida, globosa,
crassa; spira parviuscula; umbilico angustissimo; columella
crassa, rotunda.—Solid, whitish, rounded ; spire short, obtuse,
with scarcely shouldered whorls ; umbilicus very small, some-
times covered by columellar callus.

130. Montacutt, f. 141, Forbes. —Globosa parva fulva,
spira subproducta; umbilico lato; columella crassiuscula ad

NATICA. 97

umbilicum tumida; tenuiter unilobata.—Fawn-coloured, with
a more produced spire than NV. monilifera; a rather large
umbilicus. The columella is rounded and thick, formed into
a slight lobe over the upper part of the umbilicus.

131. mELANostomA, f. 72, Lamarck.—Ovata pallida, maculis
castaneis trifasciata; spira brevi, anfractibus superne declivi-
bus tum expansis ; apertura magna, subpyramidata, umbilico
angusto partim obtecto; castaneo-nigrescenti, columella late
reflexa callosa nigra.—One of the sigaretus-like species, with
wide and high aperture and short spire. It has a black
callous columella, broad over the narrow umbilicus.

132. zANzEBARICA, f. 73, Recluz.—Quam N. melanostoma
latior, spira brevissima, apertura maxima, ultimo anfractu
angusto, sparsim castaneo maculato.—Broader and more open-
mouthed than VV. melanostoma, with narrow body-whorl.

133. MELANOSTOMOIDES, f. 78, Quoy.— Parva, quam WN.
zanzebarica tenuior, magis acuta, et obliqua, umbilico et
columella augustissimis.—More thin and succinea-like than
the other species of the group, with-a very narrow umbilicus
and thin oblique columella.

134, smura, f. 71, Chemnitz. zanzebarice similis, sed
magis regulariter ovata, fasciis griseis undulatim castaneo
eleganter strigatis et maculatis, columella nigrescenti-castanea
ad ultimum anfractum magis expansa.—Like N. zanzebarica
in form, but more regularly oval, very smooth, with bands of
grey purple, on which chestnut spots and zigzag markings
are ornamentally arranged.

135. SeBa, f. 79, Souleyet.—Subpyramidata, pallida, tenuis,
infra inflata, spira producta, anfractibus subinflatis, ultimo
late inflato; apertura magna, infra subquadrata; columella
rectiuscula, purpurea, umbilico angusto.—More inflated than
others of the same group; pale, with bands obscured by a
dull grey epidermis.

136. macrorrEMis, f. 148, Adams and Reeve.—Alba levis
oblique ovata, umbilico maximo, apertura angusta, alta,
columella rectiuscula vix lobata.—A white shell approximating
to the above group, but very oblique, with narrow elevated
aperture and very wide umbilicus.

98 _ NATICA..

137. Fitosa, f. 74, Sowerby, MS. Mus. Cum.—Fulva, late
fusco fasciata, spiraliter tenuiter filoso-striata ; spira producta,
apertura lata, infra subquadrata; columella rectiuscula nigre-
scenti, subtortuosa, umbilico angustissimo.—Of all the wide-
mouthed species of this group JV. filosa most nearly resembles
NV. succineoides, being narrow, with produced pointed spire,
with an outer lip rather square at the bottom; but the
threaded sculpture distinguishes it.

138. succineorpEs, f. 76, Reeve.-—Parva, oblique trigona,
quam NV. melanostoma magis oblique trigona, immaculata,
umbilico angustissimo, columella obliqua, angusta, castaneo-
nigrescenti.—More oblique than the preceding, without spots,
and with the dark chestnut columella and umbilicus both
narrower.

139. umpriicata, f. 77, D’Orbigny.—Ampla tenuis oblique ~
ovata ; fulva, flammis castaneis undulatis trifasciatim ornata ;
apertura lata, columella tenui, obliqua, umbilico latissimo ;
spira brevi.—A small shell presenting an extreme form of the
open-mouthed species. It is ornamentally striped in three
bands with chestnut marks. The columella is oblique and
thin, and the umbilicus very wide.

140. macrostoma, f. 75, Philippi.i—Quam N. Sebe longe
magis inflata, tenuis, subrotunda; apertura maxima lata,
infra rotunda.—Similar to VV. Seb, but more globose and
inflated.

141. Primus, f. 23, Recluz—Quam NV. maura magis
obliqua, medio anfractuum biseriatim punctata, ultimo an-
fractu supra umbilicum breviusculo, umbilico angusto elevato.
—Differing from V. maura in being more oblique, spotted
in two rows, with the body-whorl much shorter in front and
the umbilicus narrower and partly covered with a flattened
lobe.

142. maura, f. 36, Bruguiére.—Ovata castanea levis ; spira
brevi, pyramidata; apertura maxima, subpyriformi labio
externo nigricanti, columella recta, nigricanti ad anfractum
ultimum expansa.—Shaped like others of the group, but more
evenly oval, with chestnut colour and nearly black colu-
mella.

NATICA. 99

143. FLuctuata, f. 17, Sowerby.~—Oblique globosa, griseo-
fulva, tenuis, flammis fulvis fluctuatis, albo marginatis
ornata; apertura maxima, oblique expansa; labio externo
tenui superne depresso; columella nivea callosa, latiuscula,
ad marginem dense castanea.

144, neLicomwsEs, f. 12, Johnson.—Tenuis alba ovata,
vix umbilicata, epidermide tenui induta; spira plus minusve
producta anfractibus ad suturam plano-excavatis, apertura
subpyriformi, columella angusta.—Rather oval, with elevated
spire, the whorls of which are slightly excavated near the
suture; columella simple, turned back so as to hide, or
nearly hide, the linear umbilicus. Cornea of Moller is said
to be wider and more inflated than the typical form, but
the species is extremely variable.

i
| ed
t
o -
-

;

.
.

,
ns
°
a
4
i
,
~
>
‘
fh
_ >
pe z
i _*
2

i

Pe
é
A

: A
5

paiias »
é
«
s
@ a
.
‘
:
:
7
,
:
(A ae sll
i ee
aren
iG
e
at
P
.
r
i
»
LU
+
CaP
-_4
-\
i
ov

101

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO NATICA.

abbreviata, Sowb. sp. 100, f.
157, 158.

Adansoni, Rve. sp. 33, f. 94.

adusta, — ?=zanzebarica.

affinis=zelandica.

alabaster, Rve.=intemerata.

ala-papilionis, Chemn. sp. 24,
f. 46.
alba, Lovén=greenlandica.
albula, Recl.=mamilla.
albumen, Recl. sp. 15, f. 57.
Alderi, Forbes, sp. 94, f. 113.
Alexandric, Recl. ; not found.
americana, Recl.=nitida ?
ampullaria, Lam.=catena ?
Antonii, Phil. sp. 101, f. 128.
aperta, Sowb. sp. 54, no fig.
arachnoides, Recl.=fulminea.
areolata, — ? zebra var. P
asellus, Rve. sp. 124*, f. 161.
aspersa, Menke=maculata.
aurantia, Lamk. sp. 60, f. 15,
16.
Baconi, Rive. sp. 4, f. 2.
Beverlii, Leach
landica.
bifasciata, Gray, sp. 113, f. 45.
‘ bifasciata, Recl.=fulminea.
borealis, Gray =greenlandica.
Bourguignati, Reel. ful-
minea.
Broderipiana, Recl. sp. 20,
fo:
bulbosa, Rve.=groenlandica.

groon-

buriasensis, Fecl. sp. 121,
ral sls

Caillaudii, Recl. = pavi-
mentum.

campechensis, fecl. sp. 2,
ier.

canaliculata, Gld.=helicoides.

cancellata, Gmel.=sulcata.

candidissima, Le Guil. sp. 59,
f. 26.

candidissima, Rve.=Jukesii.

canrena, Linn. sp. 20, f. 24,
169.

caribbxa, Phil. sp. 83, f. 165.
catena, Phil. sp. 127, f. 50.
catenata, Phil. sp. 39, f. 106-7,
Chemnitzii, Pffr. = marochi-
ensis.
Chemnitzii, Recl.=didyma.
chinensis, Lamk. sp. 49, f. 9.
clausa, Brod. § Sowb.sp. 125,
f. 48.
clavata, Sowb. sp. 11, f. 167.
collaria, Lamk. sp. 29, f. 121.
Collei, Recl. sp. 30, f. 142, 14,
144.
columnaris, Reel. sp. 13, f. 37
conica, Lamk. sp. 78, f. 25.
consolidata, Couth.=collaria.
cora, D’ Orb. sp. 88, f. 136.
cornea, Moller=helicoides.
crenata, Recl.=ala-papilionis.
cruentata, Lamk.=fulminea.
Cumingiana, Reel. sp. 47, f. 31

7.

decora, Phil. ?=zebra.
deidosa, Ave. sp. 61, f. 43.
depressa, Gray ; not identified.
didyma, Bolten, sp. 7, f. 4, 14.
Dilwyniana, Fecl. sp. 45, f.
166.
Draparnaudi, Recl. sp. 12,
f. 84.
dubia, Recl. sp. 62, f. 56.
duplicata, Say=heros.
eburnea, — ? =orientalis.
effusa, Swains. sp. 72, f. 82.
elegans, Recl.=picta ?
Elene, Recl. sp. 22, f. 150.
euzona, Recl.=zebra.
fibula, Rve.=young Incei, f.
63, 64.
filosa, Sowb. sp. 137, f. 74.
flava, Gild. sp. 19, f. 125,
Flemingiana, fecl. sp. 66,
me)
florida, Rve. sp. 110, f. 90.
fluctuata, Sowb. sp. 143, f.17.
forata, Recl, sp. 56, f. 96.
Forskalii, Chemn. sp. 16, f. 39.
Fortunei, Rve. sp. 53, f, 158.
fragilis, Leach=helicoides.
Francisca, Recl, sp. 90, f. 162.
fulgurans, Recl. sp. 28. f. 123.
fulminea, Gmel. sp. 109, f. 85,
86, 87.
fusca, Carp. sp. 85, f. 104.
fuscata, — ?=Cumingiana.

gallapagosa, MRecl. sp, 84, f.
95

Gambiz, Recl, sp. 119, f. 49.
genuana, five. sp. 118, f. 139.
glabella, Rve. sp, 89, f. 159.
~ globosa, Chemn. sp. 24, f, 47.
glauca, Humboldt, sp, 5, f. 5.
glaucina, Seacchi=sordida.

glaucina, Linn, = Alderi ?
(Hanley).

glaucina, Penn. not Linn.=
catena.

glaucina, Lam. not Linn,=
olla.

102

Gouldii, Phil.=groenlandica ?

gracilis, Sowb. sp. 102, f. 156.

groenlandica, Beck. sp. 129,
f. 140.

Gualteriana, Petit, sp. 37,
f. 152.

Guillimeria, Payr.=Alderi ?

Haneti, Recl.=Elene var. ?

hebrea, Martyn=maculata.

helicoides, Johnson, sp. 144,
ee

helvacea, Lamk.=globosa.

Herculea, Jonas, sp. 9, f. 3.

heros, Say, sp. 8, f. 8.

ianthostoma, Desh.
f. 52.

immaculata, Tatten, sp. 106,
f. 147.

imperforata, Suwb. sp. 120,
f 93.

impervia, Phil.=clausa.

Incei, Phil. sp. 10, f. 27, 63,
64, 101, 103.

intemerata, Phil. sp. 73, f.
44,

intermedia, Phil.=Philippu,
Rve.=mamillaris.

intermedia, Recl.=mamilla.

intricata, Donov. sp. 55, f. 114.

islandica, Gmel.=helicoides.

jamaicensis, C, B. Ad. sp. 96.
£ E10:

javanica, Del.=maculosa.

Jukesii, Rve, sp. 80, f. 55.

labrella, Lamk,; not identi-
fied.

lactea, Lovén=ereenlandica.

levida, Laskey ?=sordida.

Lamarckiana, Recluz = didy-
ma.

leucophxa, Rve. sp. 76, f, 60.

leucozonias, Gmel.=rufa,

Lewissii, Gld.=Herculea.

lineata, Lamk. sp. 21, f. 38.

livida, Bean=groenlandica.

locellus, Rve. sp. 40, f. 155.

lupinus, Desh, =solida, Bl. P

sp. 41,

lurida,
ensis.

macilenta, Phil. sp. 95, f. 154.

macrostoma, Phil. sp. 140, f. 75.

macrotremis, Ad. § Kve. sp.
136, f. 148.

maculata, Lamk. sp. 31, f. 21,
22.

maculosa, Lamk. sp. 34, f. 13.

maheensis, Fecl. sp. 36, f. 40.

mamilla, Linn. sp. 58, f. 28,
29, 30.

mamillaris, Lamk. sp. 67, f. 68.

marmorata, —? Barclay Isl.,
resembling marochiensis.

maroccana, Chemn. = maro-
chiensis.

marochiensis, Gmel. sp. 38,
£162,108; 109; Tol:

maura, Brug. sp. 142, f. 36.

maura, EK. M.=melanostoma.

melanostoma, Gimel. sp. 131,
yee

melanostomoides, Quoy, sp.
133, f. 78.

melastoma, Swains. sp. 70,
f. 100.

microstoma, Quoy=plumbea.

millepunctata, Lamk.=macu-

Philippi = marochi-

lata.
monilifera, Hanl.=catena.
Montacuti, Forbes, sp. 13,
f. 141.

mozaica, Sowb. sp. 107, f. 133,
134.
nana, MOoll.; not identified.
Nicolii, Fbes.=catena.,
nitida, Rve. sp. 93, f. 118.
' nitida, Donov.=Alderi ?
notata, Sowb. sp. 44, f. 168.
nucula, Ive. sp. 99, f. 145.
olla, Mar. de Serr. sp. 1, f. 1.
opaca, Recl.=melanostoma.
orientalis, Gmel. sp. 14, f. 65,
66

otis, C. B. Ad.; not found.
pallida, Brod. sp. 103, f. 137.

103

pallium, Recl.=Cumingiana.

panamensis, Fec/. sp. 63, f. 18.

papyracea, Sowb. sp. 18, f.
149

patula, Sowerby=glauca.

pavimentum, fecl. sp. 108,
Oe:

pellis-tigrina, Ohemn. sp. 35,
f. 83.

perspicua, Fecl. sp. 71, f. 70.

pes-elephantis, Chemn, P=co-
lumnaris.

Petiveriana, Recl.=didyma.

phytelepas, ve. sp. 69, f. 58.

picta, Recl. sp. 50, f. 120.

pisiformis, Recl. sp. 97, f. 163.

plicatula, Nuttall=sordida ?

plumbea, Lamk. sp. 74, f. 69.

pomum, Philippi, sp. 17, f. 19.

porcellana, D’Orb. sp. 82, f.
126. |

Powisiana, Fecl. sp. 48, f. 32.

Priamus, Reel. sp. 141, f. 23.

Prichardi, Forbes=marochi-
ensis,

problematica, Rve. sp. 8, f. 54.

proxima, C. B. Ad. sp. 124,
re wall

puerilis, Gld. sp. 105, f. 132.

punctata, Swains.=fulminea.

pusilla, Forbes & Han. =
groenlandica.

pygmea, Philippi; not identi-
fied,

pyramis, Rve. sp. 65, f. 35.

pyriformis, Recl.=mamilla.

rapulum, Five. sp. 42, f. 61.

ravida, Soul. sp. 81, f. 53.

Raynaudiana, Fecl. sp. 91,
f. 88.

Recluziana, Deshayes, sp. 3,
f. 6.

rhodocheilus, Ad. & Rve.=
violacea ?

rhodostoma, Phil.=violacea.

rubro-maculata, Smith, sp.

112, f. 124.

rufa, Born, sp. 27, f. 42.

rufilabris, ftve. sp. 51, f. 127.

rugosa, Chemn.=sulcata.

rutila, Macgill.=Montacuti.

sagraiana, D’ Orb. sp. 92, f. 117.

salangoensis, Recl. mamillaris
var.

samarensis, — ? resembling
simie.

sanguinolenta, Desh. = mela-
stoma.

Sebee, Souleyet, sp. 135, f. 79.
semisulcata, Gray, sp. 87, f.59.
senegalensis, Recl.=fulminea.
septentrionalis, Beck. sp. 117,
Ore
sere, Souleyet ; not known.
simiz, Chemn. sp. 134, f. 71.
simioides, Recl.=simie.
solida, Blainv. sp. 77, f. 81.
sordida, Phil. sp. 128, f. 98.
sordida, Swains.=plumbea.
Souleyetiana,— ? = marochi-
ensis.
spadicea, Gimel. sp. 32, f. 20.
squalida, Macgill.=Montacuti.
stercus-muscarum=maculata.
Strangei, Rve. sp. 75, f. 80.
succineoides, ve. sp. 138, f. 76.
suffusa, Rve.sp. 104, f.129,130.
suleata, Born, sp. 26, f. 33, 34.

104

textilis, Rve. sp. 126, no fig.
tincturella, Rve. sp. 111, f. 97.
Traillii, ve. sp. 122, f. 164.
trifasciata, Recl. = maculata
var.
triseriata, Say, sp. 52, f. 138.
uber, Valence. sp. 68, f. 51.
umbilicata, Quoy, sp. 139, f.77.
unifasciata, Lamk.=marochi-
ensis.
unimaculata, Rve. sp. 46, f.
105.
ustulata, Sowb. sp. 79, f. 112.
Valenciennesi, Payr. = intri-
cata.
variabilis, Recl. sp. 125, f. 135.
variolaria, Recl.=pellis-tigri-
na.
Vavaosi, Le Guil. sp. 64, f. 122.
venustula, Phil. sp. 98, f. 146.
vestalis, — ? mamilla var. P
violacea, Sowb. sp. 86, f. 11.
virginea, C. B. Ad.=uber.
vitellus, Linn. sp. 114, f. 41.
vittata, Gimel. sp. 43, f. 115,
116.
zanzebarica, Fecl. sp. 132, f. 73.
zebra, Lamk. sp. 23, f. 92.
zelandica, Quoy, sp. 57, f. 119.
zonaria, Lamk. = ala-papilio-
nis.

105

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

NERITA.

Testa marina, plerumque solida, plus minusve rotunda;
spira plerumque -subdepressa, raro exserta, nonnunquam
planulata; apertura semirotunda, area columellari plerumque
oblique rectiuscula callosa, frequenter rugata, vel verrucosa,
margine plerumque dentato; labio externo expanso, intus
calloso, tum plus minusve crenato, supra infraque nonnunquam
uni- vel bi-dentato. Operculo testaceo, semicirculari vix uni- —
spirali per appendicem dentiformem ad columellam articulato.
—The Neritz, which are marine, may fairly be distinguished
from the Neritinz, which are mostly inhabitants of fresh water.
The former are generally more solid, more sculptured, and
more strongly toothed in the mouth. The latter are always
smooth, or nearly so, and the shelving columellar area is very
nearly if not entirely without teeth on the margin. The
operculum in both genera is articulated to the edge of the

columella by a small square projecting appendix.

Species.

1. pouita, f. 2, 3, Linneus.—Solida polita fasciata et
varie picta, oblique ovata, area columellari crassa callosa, labio
externo crasso, expanso, columella rude dentata.—This solid,
polished, and variously painted shell is well known.

2. antiquata, f. 4, 92, Recluz.—wN. polite similis, magis
rotunda concentrice rugata, labio interno verrucoso, labio
externo intus crenato, marginibus internis aurantiis.—Differ-
ing from NV. polita, being more or less concentrically wrinkled,

106 NERITA. .

the columellar area warted as well as toothed, an inner circle
of the mouth generally orange.

3. semirucosa, f. 1, Recluz.— N. polite similis, sed
spiraliter striata.—Resembling NV. polita in form, but more
or less distinctly spirally striated.

4, maxima, f. 36, Chemnitz.—lV. polite similis, sed spira
magis elevata, anfractibus superne depressis, apertura superne
subconstricta.—Resembling WV. polita, but with more elevated
spire, and the whorls hollowed and depressed obliquely.

5. Rumpnu, f. 8-11, Recluz.—N. polite similis, magis
anguste ovata, area columellari subverrucosa, columella.
minute dentata, coloribus variis fasciata et maculata.—Smaller
and narrower than JN. polita, with the columella only slightly
toothed and shelving. NV. argws seems only to be a dark
variety slightly speckled with white.

6. Orpienyana, f. 48, 49, Recluz. — Ovato-oblonga,
angusta, levigata, tenuis; punctis nigris albo-marginatis
angulatim dispositis picta; area columellari ad marginem
externum verrucosa, margine interno dentato, medio emar-
ginato.—Not far differing from N. Rumphw, but thinner
and more elongated. The zigzag markings are formed by
white-edged black dots.

7. Umuassiana, f. 125, Krauss.—N. Rumphii similis
oblique magis elongata, labio externo ad spiram magis ex-
tenso, colore subviridi, nigro marmorata.— Narrower than
N. Rumphii, with the outer lip extended over part of the
spire.

8. nistrio, f. 6, Linnwus.—Magna, solida, oblique elon-
gata, spiraliter subdistanter striata, pallida griseo seriatim
maculata, et partim tessellata; spira brevissima anfractibus
superne subplanatis apertura expansa; area columellari sub-
verrucosa, margine valide dentato.—More oblong than JN.
polita, rather flat, with rather flat spire, strongly spirally
striated, and tessellated with black and grey.

9, maura, f. 37, 55, Recluz.—Quam N. histrio spira magis
elevata,. apertura multo magis expansa, colore griseo-nigri-
canti, nigro obscure tessellato.—The spire is much more
elevated and rounded, the whorls less depressed, the aperture
more expanded, and the columellar area more coarsely ver-

NERITA. 107

rucose. ‘The darker shell, f. 55, is a little differently shaped,
and more generally black.

10. tineata, f. 38, Chemnitz.—Oblique oblonga, costellis
nigris dense spiraliter cincta; spira compressiuscula, anfrac-
tibus versus suturam tumidiusculis, tum declivi-depressis;
apertura ampla aureo suffusa, labio interno subrugoso, ad
marginem valide dentato.—Having the same obliquely-oval
form as all the preceding species, and spirally girt with out-
standing black ridges. The columellar area is more or less
tinctured with yellow.

11. Batreata, f. 83, Reeve.—Quam N. lineata magis
angustata, liris spiralibus magis distantibus, hince illine albo-
punctatis, labio externo intus crenato, area columellari verru-
cosa, margine valide dentato.—More narrow than UN. lineata,
with the spiral lines more distant and articulated.

12. arraMENTOosA, f. 44, Reeve.-—Anguste oblonga, lineis
nigris albo punctatis spiraliter dense cincta; area colu-
mellari subrugata, margine valide dentato; labio externo
nigro marginato, intus crenato, supra infraque valide uni-
dentato.—Of a blackish-grey colour, with finely speckled
close linear ridges. A strong lateral tooth above and one
below on the inner surface of the outer lip.

13. Brrmanica, f. 82, Philippi.—Quam N. atramentosa
magis regulariter ovata, liris punctatis spiralibus vix elevatis ;
spira minutissima, dentibus lateralibus in apertura ob-
soletis.—The spiral ribs are very little raised, the form is an
oblique regular oval, and the upper and lower lateral teeth
in the aperture, conspicuous in the preceding, are obsolete in
this species.

14. srricta, f. 118, Baird.—May be identical with the
preceding, but I have only a rough sketch and notes.

15. AntittaruM, f. 53, 54, Gmelin.—Nigrescens, sub-
quadratim ovata, costis complanatis, concentrice striatis,
approximatis sculpta; apertura ovata, area columellari
granulosa margine valide dentato, labio externo intus
crenato.—There can be little doubt that this is the species
referred to in the figure of Chemnitz, pl. 192, f. 1987, named
scalpta in Reeve’s work and msculpta in the British
Museum. It is characterised by broad flat ribs, set rather

closely together.
co

108 NERITA.

16. prsEcTa, f. 56, 57, Reeve-—Quam NV. Antillarwm magis
expansa, area columellari levigata, frequenter flavida, costis
medio longitudinaliter divisis.—Of a broader and flatter make
than the preceding ; smoother in the columellar area, which
is sometimes yellow, and the ribs are split, as it were, in the
middle by an incised line.

17. Dompryt, f. 109, Recluz.—Parva, subrotunda, dense
spiraliter costata fulvo-grisea vel nigrescens; apertura expansa,
labio superne extenso columella concavo-excavata ; area colu-
mellari planulatim excavata subgranulosa, macula cerulea
vel nigra picta.—A rather rounded shell, with fine ribs and
expanded mouth, with a bluish-black spot on the columellar
area. Fig. 85 represents a darker shell, which can hardly
be distinguished from the type.

18. g@roraina, f. 110, 111, Recluz.—Oblique ovata sub-
oblonga, costellis acntis, subdistantibus nigro articulatis, fre-
quenter duplicatis; area columellari polita vix medio dentata;
labio externo tenui, crenulato.—The ribs are a little distant,
sharp-edged, and articulated with black; the mouth is smooth,
and the edge of the outer lip not nearly so much notched as
in the figure which was copied before seeing specimen.

19. aranuata, f. 66, Reeve-—Quam N. Dombeyi brevior,
liris magis distantibus; area columellari valide granulata,
labio externo intus valide plicato.— Remarkable for the
strong granulation of the columellar area and the strong
plaits inside the outer lip.

20. Novu-Guinez, f. 116, 117, Lesson.— Subglobosa
erisea nigricans, spiraliter confertim filoso-lirata; columella
ad marginem valide dentata; spira parva exserta aurantia
acuminata.—This species has not the flattened spire of the
several preceding ; it has strong teeth on the columella, and is
somewhat fluted on the edge of the outer lip.

21. Burnnarpi, f. 104, 105, Recluz.—Parva, rude spi-
raliter costata, flavida, nigro late variegata, et albizonata ;
area columellari angusta, granulata, ‘abio externo intus
valide crenato.—This is a smali shell, rather coarsely ribbed,
covered, except in one or mute bands, with mottled black.
The columellar area is narrow and strongly granulated.

22. gunvana, f. 117, 118, Reeve—Quam NV. Bernhardi
magis globosa, spira subplanata, apertura haud tantum ex-

NERITA. 109

pansa, area columellari leviuscula, nigra, zonis aurantiis
binis cincta.—More globose and less expanded than the pre-
ceding, strongly ribbed, black, with an orange band at the
suture and another below the last whorl.

23. HAusTRUM, f. 77, Reeve.—Ovato-globosa, nigro profuse
marmorata sulcata; spira paulo elevata; apertura profunda
angustiuscula, area columellari minute granulata, margine
vix dentato.—Rather more obliquely oval than globose;
rather suleated than ribbed, with the mouth a little con-
tracted, the columella minutely granular and rather hollow,
with very inconspicuous teeth.

24. comma-NoTata, f. 59, Reeve.—Quam N. haustrum
magis rotunde ovata, dentibus columelle majoribus, costis
latis, distinctis, nigro quadratim articulatis, interstitiis an-
gustis profundis.—Distinctly broad-ribbed, with deep narrow
grooves. The ribs are flattened, and marked by long comma-
like spots. -

25. mpxcavata, f. 84, Sowerby. — Oblique ovato-globosa,
nigra, albo variegata, costis validis, subcomplanatis, approxi-
matis lirata, spira subproducta obtusa ; apertura flavida, nigro
marginata, angusta, profunda ; area columellari granulata, de-
clivi, excavata, dentibus marginalibus tumidis, acutis; labio
externo intus sublirato, supra infraque acute bidentato;
margine externo nigro, crenulato.

26. FracuM, f. 7, Reeve.—Subovato-globosa, dense lirata,
nigra, maculis lutescentibus sparsim variegata; apertura
fulva, angustiuscula; area columellari levi, fere edentula,
sanguineo unimaculata.—More globose than the two or three
preceding, with a smooth columella marked by a broad
reddish-brown spot.

27. TESSELLATA, f. 86, 87, 88, 89, Gmelin.—Globoso-
subquadrata, rotunde lirata, alba, nigro concinne tessellata,
vel rude maculata; apertura levi, dentibus columellze mi-
nutis, labii externi superne conspicuis.

28. aLBIpuNcTATA, f 119, 120, Reeve.—N. tessellate
similis, liris subdistantibus nigris, interstitiis albipunctatis.—
I have not examined Reeve’s shell, but if it really differs
‘from J, tessellata, it will be in the interstices rather than
the ribs being spotted with white, and broader in proportion.

110 NERITA

29. prona, f. 15, Recluz.—N. tessellate similis sed omnino
nigra, labio interno edentulo.—A specimen of NV. reticulata
blacked all over would pass very well for this species, ex-
cept in having two rather prominent lateral teeth inside the
outer lip.

30. neritINorpEs, f. 43, Reeve.—V. tessellate similis sed
polita, omnino nigra, vix sulcata, apertura flavida, levi.—
Like reticulata in form, but polished and black all over, with
very slight traces of grooves or ribs, and no teeth or wrinkles
in the yellowish mouth.

31. arrata, f. 41, Chemnitz.—Ponderosa, quadratim
subglobosa, nigra, lzvis; spira brevi subplanulata; apertura
alba, nigro marginata, labio interno valide dentato ; labio
externo intus incrassato, superne bidentato, infra uniden-
tato.—A thick, black, smooth shell, of similar form to ‘the
preceding, but the white aperture is strongly toothed, and the
outer lip black-edged.

32. mxuvia, f. 34, Linnewus.—Subovata, solida, grisea,
liris nigro articulatis, elevatim planatis, ad latera excavatis
spiraliter cincta; spira parva, planata; apertura subrotunda,
area columellari subexcavata granulata, labio externo laque-
ato, intus crenato superne dentibus duobus magnis armato.—
The articulated ribs are flat at the top, hollow at the sides,
and prominent; the columellar area is hollow and granu-
lated, outer lip crenulated, with two prominent lateral teeth
above.

33. aTRO-PURPUREA, f. 29, Recluz.—Subtrigona, purpureo-
nigrescenti undulatim variegata, costis validis lirata; spira
minuta subplanata; anfractibus rapide crescentibus superne
planulatis ; apertura expansa, labio externo latissimo superne
supra spiram longe extenso; area columellari rude granulata
et dentata.—Almost three-cornered, with the outer lip
broadly expanded and extended over the spire. The blackish
purple wavy mottling shows very prettily in some specimens.

34. pLEXA, f. 33, Chemnitz.—Ovata crassa alba, maculis
nigris magnis ad costas distanter tessellata, costis magnis et
interstitiis minoribus rude crenulatis sculpta; apertura sub-
expansa; labio externo maculato et laqueato, intus crasso,
denticulato dentibus majoribus superne armato, area colu-*
mellari granulata, ad marginem mediocriter dentata.—A well-

NERITA. i!

known coarsely sculptured species tessellated with bluish-
black on the ribs.

35. cHLoRosToMA, f. 32, Lamarck.—Quam NV. plexa magis
distanter costata, costis et interstitiis levigatis; apertura
rudissime plicata verrucosa et dentata; area columellari
colore flavido tincta.—With nearly the same shape as JV.
plexa, but broader ribs and wider interstices. The aperture
is coarsely wrinkled, toothed, and granulated ; general colour
tending to yellow, with very broad tessellating black spots.

36. squamuLaTa, f. 24, 25, 101, 102, 122, Le Gwillowu.—
Subtrigona, varie flammulis fasciisque picta, costellis squa-
mosis ineequalibus lirata; spira parva, planata; apertura
expansa labio externo lato, intus crenulato, area columellari
verrucosa et acute dentata.—Variously banded and spotted,
with flat spire and expanded outer lip, the two latter
characters, with the scaly ribs, distinguishing it from JN.
chameleon. N. textilis, Lamarck, is identical. J. electrina,
Reeve, is only a variety of this.

37. sianata, f. 18, Macleay.—Only differs from NV. squa-
mulata in having a blood-red mark among the wrinkles of
the columellar area. A very young shell among our speci-
mens labelled N. vittulata resembles it with the exception of
the mark.

38. CHAMELEON, f. 22, 94-99, Linn@us.—Globoso-subovata
coloribus variis flammulatim et fasciatim picta, costis levibus
plerumque distantibus, frequenter approximatis; spira parva
exsertiuscula, anfractibus superne subplanulatis ; apertura
mediocri, labio externo intus tenuiter plicato, supra infraque
unidentato; area columellari valide pauci-verrucoso medio
ad marginem acute dentato.—The lively flames gathering in
rays at the suture, intensifying as they cross the ribs, and in-
terrupted by cross bands of light, are the same in all varieties
of colour. The ribs are normally distant ; but sometimes inter-
mediate ribs arise, which become nearly equal with the
others. The species is named JN. stella as of Chemnitz in
Reeve; but Hanley has identified it as the Linnean shell in
‘Ipsa Conchylia. Our figures 22, 96, 97, are typically
characteristic ; f.78, 79 ditto, but named oryza, Recluz, f. 93,
94,95. The closely ribbed variety named precognita, Adams
in Reeve (Hindsii, Recluz), is scarcely distinguishable.

WAN) NERITA.

39. annuLaTa, f. 75, Reeve.—Scarcely distinct from JN.
chameleon. <A little more flattened in the ribs, with the
white bands more distinct than the flames.

40. FULGURANS, f. 32, Gmelin.—Quam NV. chameleon magis
regulariter costata, costis concinne crenatis, elevatis, inter-
stitiis angustis, colore pallido, nigro angulatim flammulato et
tessellato.—The ribs are neatly crenulated, rounded, and
distinct, with very narrow interstices, mottled in zigzag
flames of black; mouth smoother than in NV. chameleon.

41. ALBICILLA, f. 26, 27, 28, 113, Linnceus.—Ovato-sub-
trigona, solida, versus spiram angustissima (ultimo anfractu
magno), alba, grisea, vel aurantia, leviter transversim sul-
cata, nigro dense fasciatim variegata, aut rosea aurantio
maculata. Apertura magna, labio externo superne extenso
et elevato; area columellari omnino verrucosa, margine acute
dentato.—V. marmorata, Reeve, cannot be rightly dis-
tinguished from the well-known black-mottled shell. The
warts on the columellar area vary with the thickness of the
enamel. I take NV. sanguinolenta, Menke (B. M.), to be a
variety of pink colour mottled in two bands with orange.

42. patuta, f. 23, Recluz.—Quam N. albicilla tenuior ;
apertura leviori, fere edentula.—In general form resembling
the preceding, but differing in its lighter and smoother
structure.

43. Youn, f. 70, Recluz—Quam NV. patula brevior,
apertura haud tantum expansa, costis subobsoletis.—Another
dark-mottled species of similar form, but rounder.

44, Beanrana, f. 50, Recluz.—Subovata, depressa, an-
gusta, roseo et griseo fasciata, fasciis griseis nigro-maculatis ;
spira parva subplanata, apertura expansa, area columellari
eranulata, nigro unimaculata.—Two different shells are given
under this name in Reeve. The one we have not figured is
certainly too near to be distinguished from WV. Yoldit.

45, acwaTina, f. 61, Reeve.—Ovato-globosa nigra, inter
liras planatas sulcata; spira obtuse exserta, anfractibus
rotundis; apertura ovata, area columellari declivi, obsolete
eranulata, margine interno nigro reticulato et valide den-
tato, labio externo intus crenulato, superne dentato.—-This
species is sculptured by narrow grooves between broad and

NERITA. JU

unequal ribs; aperture grey, rather smooth, with (in this
specimen) a coloured articulation on the edge of the colu-
mellar plate.

46. Lister, f. 51, 54, Reeve-—Nigra, spiraliter obscure
sulcata ; spira gracile elevata, anfractibus superne declivibus ;
apertura obliqua, angusta czeruleo-flavida levi, area colu-
mellari rubescenti fere edentula.—A sloped, pointed, black
species, with very smooth, rather narrow, yellowish mouth
and extremely obscure teeth on the edge of the columella.
It is probably the NV. nivosa of Reeve.

47. saponica, f. 112, Dunker.—This little shell resembles
NV. Yoldit in appearance ; but as my sketch was taken in haste
before the removal of the B. M. collection, I cannot describe
or compare it.

48. arabica, f. 65, Reeve.-—Globosa, tenuiter striis incisis
distantibus incisa, spira parva, anfractibus superne depressis,
colore fulvo griseo fuscoque tessellata, apertura subrotunda,
area columellari rude rugata, margine inequaliter dentato,
labio externo intus superne unidentato.—Rather squarely
globose, tessellated with brown and black between incised
spiral striz, columellar area coarsely wrinkled ; one lateral
tooth appears inside the outer lip above.

49, SENEGALENSIS, f. 76, Gmelin.—Quam NV. arabica magis
obliqua, colore magis variegata et fasciata, area columellari
leviuscula, aurantio tincta.—More oblique than the preced-
ing, and, in the specimen figured by Reeve, more variegated
in colour. The columellar plate is not so strongly wrinkled.

50. Lonett, f. 90, Recluz.—Subglobosa, levis, solida spi-
raliter inciso-striata, fulva, griseo tessellata ; spira subexserta ;
apertura subexpansa alba granulata et rugata; anfractibus ad
suturam elevatis tum concavo-depressis.—But for the dif-
ference in locality one might suppose this and Reeve’s
arabica to be the same; but the spire is much more exserted,
and the last whorl falls obliquely.

51. Desnayesn, f. 19, Reclwz.—Globosa, spiraliter costis
prominentibus numerosis interstitia zequantibus nigro articu-
latis lirata, lutea, griseo marmorata ; spira elevata, anfractibus
subrotundis ; apertura subrotunda; area columellari rugis et
dentibus maximis incrassata; labio externo intus crenulato
superne bidentato.—This solid, rounded species, with deep

114 NERITA.

regular ridges equalling the interstices, is remarkable for the
deeply cut wrinkles and large marginal teeth of the columel-
Jar area. °

52. ornata, f. 13, Sowerby.—Globosa spiraliter costis nigro
tessellatis lirata, spira parum elevata, anfractibus declivibus;
apertura alba, labio externo crasso superne unidentato, area
columellari transverse rugata ad marginem dentibus magnis
armata.—The ribs are closer and less deeply cut than in
N. Deshayesii, the spire shorter and its whorls more sloped,
the wrinkles on the inner lip thin and less prominent, the
teeth much less prominent.

53. grossa, f. 12, Linnewus.—Crassa, oblique ovato-
globosa ; costis maximis, fere equalibus distantibus, et versus
aperturam minoribus interstitialibus, griseo tessellatis lirata,
spira subelevata anfractibus paucis, declivibus, apertura sub-
_ovata, area columellari valide rugata, dentibus marginalibus
magnis, labio externo crasso, ad suturam elevato, tum depresso,
dentibus lateralibus superne conspicuis.—Very coarsely ribbed,
and tessellated with grey on the ribs. Our specimen has
an orange semicircle on the columellar plate, and an orange
tip.

54. costata, f. 46, Chemnitz.—Globoso-subovata, solida,
ad spiram depressa; costis latis elevatis scabriusculis nigris,
interstitiis excavatis lirata; spira brevissima, depressa,
apertura subrotunda; area columellari partim subaurantia,
dentibus marginalibus prominentibus, labio externo intus
rudissime dentato.—This broad black-ribbed species is quite
ringent with coarse, prominent teeth in the aperture.

55. puicata, f. 79, 80, Limnceeus.—Globosa crassa albido-
fulva vel rubro nigroque super costas tessellata, costis rotundis
regularibus lirata, spira subelevata, acuta, apertura sub-
angusta, area columellari tumida rudissime rugata, margine
validissime dentato arcuatim producto, labio externo intus
dentibus quinis magnis productis armato.—In this species
the spire is more produced and the spiral ribs smaller than
in the preceding, while the prominent teeth on the arched
columella, and the strong teeth or plaits inside the outer lip,
contract the inner aperture.

56. rincuns, f. 68, Reeve.— Parva globosa tenui-lirata
purpureo nigrescenti obscure marmorata; apertura angusta

NERITA. ys

alba, intus dentibus plicisque magnis contracta.—This might
be taken for a minature of NV. plicata, but is much smoother,
in well-developed specimens it is equally contracted in the
inner part of the aperture by salient teeth. Hence its name
‘ grinning.’

57. verstcotor, f. 20, 21, 114, Lamarck.—Subglobosa,
subplanulatim costata, griseo nigro vel purpureo tessellata
aut aliter variegata ; spira frequenter subelevata, acuminata,
anfractibus ad suturam elevatis, tum excavato-depressis ;
apertura angusta, columella arcuatim producta, rudissime
dentata; labio externo intus fortiter dentato et plicato.—
The ribs are much more depressed and undefined than in
NV. plicata, but the teeth and plaits of the mouth are nearly
as prominent and strong. The varieties are tessellated or
otherwise variegated with black, grey, and purple.

58. QUADRICOLOR, f. 14, Gmelim.—Ovato-subglobosa, tenuiter
et concinne lirata pallidissime purpurea, liris nigro tessellatis,
spira flavida, acuminata, anfractibus ad suturam elevatis, tum
depressis ; area columellari tumida, rugata, aurantio tincta,
margine valide dentato ; labio externo intus tenuiter crenato
superne bidentato.—The ribs are small and neatly tessellated,
the spire is more gradually shelving than in N. peloronta.
The columella is wrinkled and is not hollowed and _ blood-
spotted as in that species.

59. peLoronTa, f. 30, 31, Linnceus.—Ovata leviter et
nonnunquam obsolete costata, lutea, purpureo nigroque
flammulata; anfractibus superne subdepressis, columella
excavata, medio sanguinea, dentibus marginalibus conspicuis,
labio externo subquadratim expanso, intus supra infraque
conspicue dentato.

60. crmmuxata, f. 62, Reeve. — Oblique globosa, grisea,
liris tenuissimis, acute granulatis, distantibus, nigro et
ceruleo fasciatis et tessellatis; spira exsertiuscula, apertura
oblique producta, levi, subcerulea, edentula.—The ‘ gems’
consist of the little sharp granules on the thread-like ridges ;
the aperture is of a bluish tint, smooth, and without teeth.

61. unpata, f. 5, Gmelin. —Solida, globoso-acuminata
tenuiter lirata, fulvo-nigrescens, fusco nigro alboque un-
datim variegata; spira acuminata; apertura alba, area colv-
mellari tumida rugata et granulata, margine rude dentato,

DD

116 NERITA.

labio externo intus crenato, superne conspicue bidentato.—
This species, the Le Guillowana of Recluz, fid. Reeve, I believe
to be well shown in Chemnitz’s f. 1950, 1951, and referred
to by Gmelin and Lamarck.

62. Savinana, f. 47, Recluz.—Quam NV. undata magis
globosa, spira magis depressa, liris magis conspicue sculptis ;
grisea, nigro fasciatim tessellata.—Shorter, thicker, and more
strongly ribbed than WV. undata; grey, linearly tessellated
with black in bands.

63. curysostoma, f. 35, Recluz.— Quam NV. wndata magis
elevata et acuminata, costis magis conspicuis et distantibus ;
anfractibus superne concavo-depressis ; apertura aurantio fre-
quenter tincta, area columellari rude plicata et dentata.—
N. oleagina, Reeve, should be referred to this species,
although smaller and whiter in the mouth.

64. Ascrnsionis, f. 72, Reeve.—Globoso-acuminata, lutea,
costis prominentibus, nigro articulatis tenuiserratis lirata ;
spira elevata, anfractibus subrotundis; apertura levi, fulva,
columella fortiter dentata.—With very prominent, minutely
serrated ribs, which are conspicuously tessellated with black ;
the mouth is smooth, with several large marginal teeth.

65. a@risna, f. 16, Reeve. — Globoso-acuminata, leviter
spiraliter costata, trifasciatim nigro variegata ; spira elevata
anfractibus obliquis; columella corrugata et dentata, labio
externo intus moderate plicato et superne unidentato.—Like
N. Ascensionis in form, but without prominent ribs, varie-
gated with mottled black in three bands.

66. FiLosa, f. 17, Reeve.—Oblique globoso-acuminata,
lutea, tenuiter filis elevatis rubris distantibus subserratis
lirata; spira elevata, anfractibus declivibus; apertura an-
gusta, levi, moderate dentata.—With a raised spire and
sloping whorls, threaded with very thin, divided, red, serrated
ridges. The aperture is rather small, white, moderately
toothed, with smooth columellar plaits.

67. Esstneront, f. 42, Reeve.—Globoso-acuminata, grisea
nigro purpurascente late fasciata et marmorata; spira
elevata, acuminata, anfractibus subter suturam exeavatis ;
apertura subcerulea, levi, moderate dentata.—Of a dark grey
colour mottled with black, in bands ; spire raised, acuminated ;

NERITA. Ly

whorls, after rising at the suture, excavately depressed below ;
aperture smooth, very light bluish-grey.

68. FuNICcULATA, f. 45, Reeve-—Oblique globoso-acuminata,
purpurea, nigro late fasciata, aut nigra, costis depressis
spiralibus sculpta; apertura oblique producta, alba, area
columellari aurantio tincta, granulata, valide dentata, labio
externo intus crenulato, superne unidentato.—The specimen
figured in Reeve is dark-coloured throughout, while the one
now presented has two open bands of purplish mottling.

69. nigERRIMA, f. 39, Chemnitz.—N. funiculate similis,
sed anfractibus superne magis depressis, apertura alba levi,
area columellari angusta obsolete granulata.—The chief dif-
ference between this and the preceding species is that its
columellar plait is not tumid. It is narrow, not wrinkled,
and much less granulated. .

70. Nivosa, f. 106, AReeve.—Oblique acuminata, nigra,
laevis, vix spiraliter suleata; apertura angusta, oblique pro-
ducta, levi, angusta.—Smooth, black, and acuminated.

71. Futiearnata, f. 100, Reeve.—N. funiculate similis, sed
parva, apertura levi, alba.—Like a miniature of NV. funicu-
lata, but with a smooth aperture.

72. Grayana, f. 91, Recluz.—Oblique oblonga, nigrescens,
costellis elevatis, albo articulatis lirata; apertura subcerulea,
expansa, area columellari subaurantia, rudissima.—-From
description I judge that this species must somewhat resemble
N. lineata, but the lire are more distant and articulated
with white, and the columellar plait strongly wrinkled.

73. aurantiA, f. 81,. Recluz.—Globosa acuminata, dense
spiraliter lirata, aurantia, griseo vel fusco undata; spira
breviter acuminata; apertura alba, area columellari rugata,
dentibus magnis tribus ad marginem armata.—A rounded
shell of an orange tint, variegated in bands with grey
patches.

74, ERUBESCENS, f. 62, Reeve.—NV. aurantic similis rubra
punctata, subrude lirata, fulyo-subrosea ; spira elevata; aper-
tura parva, columella ad marginem breviter rugata. — |]
cannot be quite sure whether this ruby-coloured species is
distinct from NV. awrantia, but the spire is more elevated
and the aperture more contracted.

1 18 NERITA.

75. NERITOPSOIDES, f. 60, Reeve.—Globoso-acuminata valide
et dense lirata, pallide fulva; apertura superne depressa et
coarctata, externe subexpansa; area columellari excavata
margine externo arcuatim rugato, margine interno valide
dentato; labio externo crenato.—The mouth is contracted
near the body-whorl, but expanded outwards, and the spire
is elevated and rather pointed. The species otherwise very
nearly resembles JV. erwbescens.

76. vexILLuUM, f. 52, Reeve.—-Aurantia, globoso-acuminata,
N. erubescenti similis, sed nigro bifasciata, columella leevi-
eata.—Were it not for the smooth columella, this species .
might be taken for a black-banded NV. erwbescens.

77. SpencLERIANA, f. 121, Recluz—Globosa fulva levis,
breviter acuminata, apertura subrotunda, levi.—Globose,
smooth, fawn-coloured with irregular dashes of black.

78. HELICINOIDES, f. 73, 74, 67, Reeve.—Parva globoso-
acuminata, dense costata, subaurantia, maculis minutis rubris
et fasciis tribus nigro tessellatis ornata; apertura levi, labio ex-
terno intus lirato, superne unidentato.—A pretty little species
of the globose-acuminated form, neatly ribbed and touched
with red specks, except in three dark bands which are tessel-
lated with black. There can be no utility in separating JV.
pellis-serpentis (f. 67) from this species.

79. arrinis, f. 69, Reeve.—Quam NV. helicinoides magis
elevata et contracta; apertura multo angustiori.i—More ele-
vated and less bulbous than the preceding.

80. BULLULA, f. 71, Reeve.—Parva, transverse ovata, nigra,
anfractibus angustis’; apertura elongata labio externo subex-
panso, area columellari levi, margine obscure dentato.—A
dark little smooth shell with very little character, but seem-
ing rather to resemble in form some of the smaller Neritine,
such as NV. fluviatilis, &e.

81. SAMOENSIS, f. 123, 124, Dunker.—Parva, transverse
oblonga, tenuis, spiraliter costata, costis lineis nigris varie-
gatis; apertura obliqua, lutea profunde excavata.—Shaped
like Neritina fluviatilis and other small species, ribbed and
linearly speckled with grey; of a yellowish colour with deeply
excavated aperture.

119

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO NERITA.

achatina, Rve. sp. 45, f. 61.

affinis, Five. sp. 79, f. 69.

albicilla, Linn. sp. 41, f. 26,
27, 28, 113.

albipunctata, Fve. sp. 28, f.
119, 120.

annulata, Rve. sp. 39, f. 75.

Antillarum, Gmel. sp. 15, f.
53, 54.

antiquata, Recl. sp. 2, f. 4, 92.

arabica, [tve. sp. 48, f. 65.

argus, Recl.=Rumphii var.

Ascensionis, Chemn. sp. 64, f.
72.

aterrima, Gm.=nigerrima.

atramentosa, [vve. sp. 12, f. 44.

atrata, Chemn. sp. 31, f. 41.

atropurpurea, fvecl. sp. 39, f.
29.

aurantia, Recl. sp. 73, f. 81.

balteata, Rue. sp. 11, f. 83.

Beaniana, Recl. sp. 44, f. 50.

Bernhardi, fecl. sp. 21, f. 104,
105.

bidens, Gmel,=polita.
bifasciata, Gmel.=polita.
birmanica, —? sp. 13, f. 82.
bisecta, Fve. sp. 16, f. 56, 57.
bizonalis, Lam.=chameeleon.
bullula, ve. sp. 80, f. 71.
chameleon, Linn. sp. 38, f.
94-99, 22.
Chemnitz, Recl. = semiru-
gosa.

chlorostoma, Lam. sp. 35, f.

chrysostoma, Recl. sp. 63, f.
30.

comma-notata, Rve. sp. 24, f.

costata, Chem. sp. 54, f. 46.
Deshayesii, Fecl. sp. 51, f. 19.
Dombeyi, fecl. sp. 17, f.
109.
electrina, Rve.=squamulata.
erubescens, Ive. sp. 74, f. 63.
Kssingtoni, Recl. sp. 67, f. 42.
excayata, Sowb. sp. 25, f. 84.
exuyla, Linn. sp. 32, f. 34.
exuvia, Lam. not Linn. =
plexa.
fasciata, Gmel.=polita.
filosa, Reve. sp. 66, f. 17.
Jlavescens, Chemn.—polita.
fracum, Rve. sp. 26, f. 7.
falgurans, Gimel. sp. 40, f. 32,
93.
fuliginata, Eve. sp. 71, f. 100.
funiculata, Rve. sp. 68, f. 45.
gemmulata, ve. sp. 60, f. 62.
genuana, Ive. sp. 22, f. 107,
108

georgina, Recl. sp. 18, f. 110,
1

granulata, Ftve. sp. 19, f. 66.
Grayana, Recl. sp. 72, f. 91.
grisea, Rve. sp. 65, f. 16.
grossa, Linn. sp. 53, f, 12.

haustrum, Rve. sp. 23, f. 77.

helicinoides, ftve. sp. 78, f. 73,
74, 67.

hieroglyphica, Chemn.=polita.

histrio, Linn. sp. 8, f. 6.

inconspicua ; not identified.

insculpta, —? (B. M.)=Antil-
larum P

japonica, Dunker, sp. 47, f.
112.

Le Guillouana, Recl.=undata.
lineata, Chemn. sp. 10, f. 38.
Listeri, Recl. sp. 46, f. 51.
Longii, Recl. sp. 50, f. 90.
malaccensis, Lam.=exuvia.
marmorata, Rye. = albicilla
var.
maura, fecl. sp. 9,£. 55—55 P
maxima, Chemn. sp. 4, f. 36.
melanotragus, — ?=atrata.
neritinoides, five. sp. 30. f. 43.
neritopsoides, Five. sp. 75, f.
60.

nigerrima, Chemn. sp. 69, f. 39.
migra, Chemn.=polita.
nivosa, five. sp. 70, f. 106.
Novee-Guineee, Lesson, sp. 20,
f. 78.
oleagina, Rve.=chrysostoma.
Orbignyana, Jtecl. sp. 6, f. 48,
49.
ornata, Sowb. sp. 52, f. 13.
oryzarum, Recl.=chameeleon.
patula, Recl. sp. 42, f. 28, 58.
pellis-serpentis, Rve. = helici-
noides.

peloronta, Linn. sp. 59, f. 80,
3L.
picea, Recl. sp. 29, f. 15.

120

plexa, Chemn. sp. 34, f. 33.

plicata, Linn. sp. 55, f. 79, 80.

polita, Linn. sp. 1, f. 2, 3.

precognita, Adams = chame-
leon.

quadricolor, Gmel. sp. 58, f.
14

ringens, Rve. sp. 56, f. 68.

Rumphii, fecl. sp. 5, f. 8-
11, 103.

samoensis, Dunk. sp. 81, f.
123, 124.

sanguinolenta, Desh.=abicilla
var.

Savieana, Fecl. sp. 62, f. 47.

scalpta, Rve.=Antillarum.

semirugosa, Recl. sp. 3, f. 1.

senegalensis, Gimel. sp. 49, f.

6

signata, Macl. sp. 37, f. 18.
Spengleriana, Fecl. sp. 14, f.
121.
squamulata, Le Guillou, sp.
36, £.24, 25, 101, 102.
stella, Chemn.=chameeleon.
striata, Ch.=tessellata.
stricta, Baird, sp. 14, f. 118.
tessellata, Gmel. sp. 27, f.
86-89.
textilis, Gmel.=plexa.
Umlassiana, Krauss, sp. 7, f.
12.
undata, Gmel. sp. 61, f. 5.
variabilis ; not identified.
variegata, Ch.=versicolor.
versicolor, sp. 57, f. 20, 21, 114.
vexillum, five. sp. 76, f. 52,
64 .

Yoldii, Rve. sp. 43, f. 70.

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENERA

TEREDO ann KUPHUS.

Genus TEREDO, Lamarck.
Puate 469.

Molluscum acephalum, vermiforme, perforans, tubam
testaceam formans. Valve squales, arcuate, utrinque
hiantes, per canalem in areis duabus medio divise; area
antica angulatim emarginata; area postica plus minusve
alata; processu subumbonali arcuatim producta.

The well-known bivalved molluse which bores tubular
holes in wood and lines them with shell, has its body pro-
tected by a globular bivalve shell. The valves gape on both
sides, the hiatus in front being angular. A curved projection
starts from under the umboes in each valve. <A horny stylet
or shelly pallet is fixed in the upper part of the fleshy tube
on each side.

Species with shelly pallets.

1. navauis, f. 1, Linnewus.—Valve oblique rotunde, hiatu
antico obtuse angulato, ala dorsali rotunda. Tuba solida,
ad terminum divisze, haud concamerata. Palmule ligoni-
formes, ad terminum concave.—The globose valves are more
oblique than most of the species, the angle of the front hiatus
wide, and the dorsal wing expanded and rounded. Tube
solid, divided at the end, not chambered. Pallets spade-
shaped, concave at the end.

2. norveaica, f. 2, Spengler.—Valve recte globose, hiatu
rectangulari, ala dorsali angusta, arcuata. Tuba ad terminum
concamerata. Palmulz ligoniformes, ad terminum convex.

GG

122 TEREDO.

—Like 7. navalis, but not oblique, having a straight angle
at the hiatus, tube chambered; spade-shaped pallets convex
at the end.

3. MegoTHORAX, f. 10, Gould, MS.—Valve precedenti
similes, sed recta, altee. Tuba...? Palmule...?—Differs
from the preceding by the height and straightness of the
valves.

4, mecotara, f. 5, Hanley.—Valve breves, area antica
parva, ala postica expansa, supra umbones elevata, acute
uncinata. Palmule breviter ligoniformes, ad terminum con-
cave.—Valves short, with small anterior area, and posterior
wing expanded, elevated and curved above the umbo. Pallets
shorter than those of 7. navalis, and convex at the end.

5. MALLEoLUS, f. 6, Turton.—- Valve anguste, valde
arcuate, ala postica parva, elevata, uncinata. Palmule
brevissime, processu prominenti, brevii—Like 7’. megotara,
but narrow, and much curved, and the elevated posterior
wing much smaller.

6. SENEGALENSIS, f. 12, Blainville— Valve ...? Tuba
annulatim rugata. Palmule parvee, digitataee—No valves are
found with the specimens in the British Museum, but the
tubes (in holes bored across the wood) are curiously wrinkled.
The pallets are small and fingered.

7. peNTIcuLATA, f. 19, Gray, Mus. Brit.—Valvex breves,
umbonibus callosis, unidenticulatis, area antica brevissima,
ala postica expansa, superne elevata, uncinata. Palmule
oblongo-ligoniformes ad latera utrinque unispinosee.—Short,
with very small anterior area and expanded posterior wing,
like that of 7. megotara. Umbonal callus forming a den-
ticle. Pallets oblong spade-shaped, with a spine on each
lateral edge.

8. arrinis, f. 13, Deshayes.—Valve rotund, area antica
parva, ala postica lata, rotunda. Palmule ligoniformes
superne corneo-digitatee.—Valves resembling 7. navalis, but
less oblique; pallets with the stem long, the spade-like part
short, with horny finger-like projections at the top.

9. patavus, f. 17, Spengler.—Valvee breves, ala postica
angustissima, semilunari, elongata. Palmule ligoniformes,
stipula elongata, spatula divisa, infra cornea.—Resembling

TEREDO. [eye

7. norvegica, but with smaller angular hiatus. Pallets
spade-shaped, the lower part of the dise being horny.

10. pepicityatTa, f. 14, Qwatrefages.—Valvee parve ro-
tunde, ala depressa subexpansa. Tuba ad terminum conca-
merata. Palmulz biarticulatee.—The pallets are very peculiar,
being divided by a horny joint.

11. grecata, f. 16, Lamarck.—Valve angustissime vix
alate. Tuba contorta bulbiformis, ad terminum clausa,
rotunda. Palmule ligoniformes, ad terminum concave,
stipula brevissima.—This very curious Mollusc is found
living with the tubes coiled up together in the shells of
floating cocoa-nuts. The tubes are irregularly bulb-shaped
and closed at the end. The valves are extremely narrow.

Species with horny, jointed stylets.

12. Brpennata, f. 11, Turton.—Valve angustz prominente
alatee, hiatu postico ad alam acute angulato, intus carinato,
area antica angustissima. Styli cornei inzquales angulatim
articulatii—The valves have much the aspect of V. megotara,
but the stylets are horny and angularly jointed. They are of
unequal length, one being a short palmet on a long stem,
the other a longer palmet on a shorter stem.

13. cartnata, f. 15, Gray.—Valve ut in N. bipennata
sed latiores. Styli elongati; stipula elongatissima.—The
stylets are longer than in any other species, and the valves
are like those of NV. bipennata, but a little broader. The
name refers to an overlapping inner edge of the posterior
wing, which is the same in several other species.

14. patmounata, f. 4, Lamarck.—Valve parve breviter
alate. Styli breves, angulatim pauciarticulatii—A small
species with narrow valves, the ale of which are roundly
projecting. Stylets short, six jointed at the broad¢r end.

15. Saunu, f. 18, Wright.—Valve parvee rotunde an-
guste et rotunde alate. Styli valde inzquales, stipulis
brevissimis. Tuba solidiuscula, haud camerata.—A little
rounded species with scarcely prominent wings. The stylets
are both short, with very short stems ; one with the jointed
part shorter and more compressed than the other.

124 TEREDO.

16. campanuLatTa, f. 9, Deshayes.—Valve anguste, area
autica brevissima, ala prominenti ad hiatus acute angulata.
Stylis elongatis, articulatis; articulis ornatis, crispatis.—The
valves are narrow and the anterior area very short, posterior
area with a deeply cut angle separating the prominent wing.
The articulations of the stylets are projected and curled out-
wards ornamentally.

17. Brevis, f. 7, Deshayes.—Valve anguste elongate
parvee; ala postica angusta, rotunda; processu subumbonali
brevi. Styli discis septenis triangularibus articulati. —
Valves narrow from front to back, long from apex downwards.
Stylets with about seven triangular joints.

18. Stutcusuryi, f. 8, Leach MSS.—Valve parve, ro-
tundee, area antica et ala postica parvis. Stylis brevibus,
superne angulatim articulatis, ad latera spinosis.—A very plain
little species with small rounded posterior wing and small
angular anterior angle.

19. Dunxort, f. 3, Wright.—Valvee globose crass epi-
dermide serrato striato indutz; area postica angustissime,
area antica angulatim, divisis; umbonibus curvis, callosis,
lamella accessoria munitis. Styli elongati, extus convexi,
intus concavi.—The valves are singularly thick and rounded
in form, with a thick brown epidermis sculptured in
serrated striz. Unlike all the other Teredines, this species
has a little accessory pellet on the hinge; and, more sur-
prising still, it is found boring wood in a purely fresh-water
river proceeding from a part of the Ganges where the water is
absolutely fresh. It is curious that the only fresh-water
Pholas (rivicola) has also a fringed epidermis.

KUPHUS. iy

i
Or

Genus KUPHUS, Guettard.

Syn. Furcella, Oken. Serpula gigantea, Linn. Septaria,
Lamarck.

Molluscum arenicolum, tubam testaceam formans. Tuba
ad terminum posticum dimidiatim divisa. Palmule tes-
taceze deltoides.— The tube of this sand-burrowing Molluse
attains the length of some feet, and has been known as the
gigantic Septaria of Lamarck. The small end, which pro-
trudes from the surface of the sand, is divided by a central
septum, and sometimes forms a double separated tube. The
pallets of the larger species only are known; they are spa-
thulate and deltoid. No valves have been found of either
species.

1. aiGanrzus, f. 20, Linnwus.—As described generically
above.

2. cLausus, f. 21, Sowerby.—Tuba brevior, ad terminum
anticum clausa. Valvee ignote.—The smaller tube in the
British Museum may possibly be, as there designated, a
young specimen of the gigantea. But it seems hardly
likely, the tube when young should be closed with over-
lapping extensions of the edges, and then be reopened on
further development.

ce

wae Aca

aa

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

GASTROCH AINA, Lamk.

Molluscum perforans, tubam formans. Valve modioli-
formes antice ad marginem ventralem late hiantes, ligamentum
externum; umbonibus antice fere terminalibus. Tuba subtes-
tacea bulbiformis agglutinans, interdum libera.—The valves
of this burrowing and boring Molluse are wedge-shaped,
being short and narrow anteriorly, with the umboes almost
terminal. The tube generally forms a testaceous lining to the
hole bored by the animal; when free it is shaped like a flask
or bottle, closed at the large end, and divided at the small
open end in correspondence with the double siphon.

Species.

1. pusra, f. 2, Pennant.—Elongata, tenuis, perobliqua,
tenuissime striata; hiatu mediocri; cardine fere edentato.
Tuba bulbiformis, agglutinans.

2. pirFiciiis, f.4, Deshayes.—G. dubie similis, sed postice
subearinata, ventricosa, lata, ad terminum acuminata.—Dif-
fering from sp. 1 in being obliquely keeled, rather pointed
posteriorly, and broad and swollen on the postero-ventral
margin.

3. aperTisstma, f. 5, Deshayes.—Elongata, angusta; mar-
gine dorsali subelevato, ventrali post medium depresso ;
hiatu ventrali fere ad terminum extenso.—Remarkable for
the hiatus, which reaches nearly to the end of the shell.

HH

128 GASTROCH ENA.

4, aigantga, f. 12, Deshayes.—Ovato-elontaga, utrinque
acuminata, dense striata; hiatu maximo.—A large fish-
shaped species rather pointed at the ends, with large ventral
hiatus and angular dorsal elevation.

5. CUNEIFORMIS, f. 1, Spengler.—Antice attenuata, acumi-
nata, postice lata, ad terminum obtuse medio angulata ; area
dorsali elevata; hiatu antico breviusculo.—Broadly wedge-
shaped, pointed sharply at the anterior and obtusely at the
posterior end.

6. PHILIPPINENSIS, f. 17, Deshayes.—G. cuneiformi similis,
sed magis attenuata, umbonibus terminalibus depressis, area
antica oblique depressa.—Differing from G. ewnevformis in
having the umboes quite terminal and bent downwards. There
is an oblique depression behind the front hiatus.

7. Brevis, f. 20, Sowerby.—G. cuneiformi similis, sed
brevior, hiatu magno arcuato. — A shorter species than
G. cuneiformis, with a shorter and more deeply arched
hiatus.

8. mntersECTA, f. 21, Deshayes.—Quam G. brevis brevior,
postice laminis concentricis conspicuis et minoribus intersti-
tialibus sculpta.—Like the preceding in form, but shorter,
and neatly sculptured with concentric laminz and fine striz
between.

9. ruauLosa, f. 25, Sowerby.—Angusta, elongata, postice
concentrice distanter lirataa—Nearly of the same form as
G. difficilis, with the posterior area concentrically ridged.

10. rmpressa, f. 19, Deshayes.—Precedenti similis, sed
tenuiter postice striata, hiatu magno extenso, margine
dorsali elevato.—The characters of this shell are a little un-
certain, but it is shaped like the preceding, with the dorsal
margin more elevated, the hiatus larger, and the posterior
concentric striz less conspicuous.

11. Lametiosa, f. 23, Deshayes.—-Elongato-cuneiformis,
compressa, area postica concentrice laminis concentricis cre-
bre lirata.— Of a lengthened cuneiform depressed shape, with
the flattened posterior area finely concentrically laminated.

12. ovata, f. 9, Sowerby.—Ventricosissima, crassa, sub-
ovata, antice truncata, postice subacuminata, hiatu antico

GASTROCH_ENA. 129

breviusculo ; umbonibus decurvis terminalibus.—Very thick
and ventricose, rather oval, obtusely pointed at the back and
truncated in front by the depression of the umboes, which
are terminal.

13. penticuLata, f. 7, Deshayes.—Breviter cuneiformis,
veutricosa, antice striis elevatis minute denticulatis sculpta.—
Remarkable for the denticulated ridges with which the
anterior area is sculptured.

14. tavieata, f. 26, Deshayes.—Brevis, subcompressa,
levis oblique cuneiformis.—Resembling sp. 1 in form, but
small and quite smooth.

15. Huminis, f. 27, Deshayes.—G. levigate similis, sed
tenuiter concentrice striata. — Similar to G. levigata in
shape, but differing in being concentrically striated.

16. macrocutsMa, f. 29, Deshayes.—Brevis, ventricosa, con-
centrice striata, antice producta, acuminata; hiatu brevi,
lato.—Short, ventricose, concentrically striated, anteriorly
produced, acuminated ; hiatus broad and rather short.

17. nyauina, f. 24, Deshayes.—Tenuis, semipellucida,
angusta, elongata; margine dorsali parum elevato.— Elongated
and very narrow, particularly in front, acuminated at the
back, small and very transparent.

18. spatuuLata, f. 6, Deshayes.—Tenuissima, compressa,
cuneiformis, angusta, postice rugata, subtruncata, antice
acuminata.—Very thin, flat, wrinkled and truncated poste-
riorly ; rather pointed in front.

19. rnTERRUPTA, f. 22, Deshayes.—Gracilis, tenuis, com-
pressa, postice sulcis concentricis divisa, ad terminum sub~
truncata.—The figure is unfortunately a little more trun-
cated than it should be. The posterior part of the shell is
rather distantly and flatly grooved.

20. TENERA, f. 28, Deshayes.—Gracilis, tenuis, modiolifor-
mis, tenuiter striata; margine dorsali elevato; area dorsali ad
terminum subtruncato.—Very thin and narrow, with a rather
roundly truncated end.

21. Rupretuu, f. 15, Deshayes.—Solida, oblonga, postice
obtuse acuminata, antice late truncato ; hiatu maximo ; um-
bonibus terminalibus tumidis.—In form this species has

130 GASTROCHAINA.

more the appearance of a Sawicava than of a specimen of this
genus; but the large hiatus characterises it as a Gastro-
cheena.

22. cucuntaTa, p. 14, Deshayes.—Crassa, cuneiformis,
postice maximo inflata, ad terminum vix acuminata, antice
angusta, acuminata; hiatu maximo; margine ventrali intus
erasso, complanato; cardine dentibus tumidis.—Very thick
and wedge-shaped, with a broad thickened margin.

23. rruncata, f. 13, Sowerby.—Subrugosa, epidermide
fusca induta; latere antico attenuato; latere postico late
truncato. This large species is broadly square at the posterior
end, and narrow and pointed in front.

24. LagENuLA, f. 18, Lamarck.—Parva arcuata tenuis,
postice truncata, sulcata, antice subacuminata, tuba bulbi-
formi, quasi articulata.—-Small thin arched valves truncated
at the end. The tube has the appearance of being partly
coiled or jointed.

25. pupina, f. 16, Deshayes.—Valvis ignotis. Tuba in
sectiones divisa, per latus adherens.—The valves are un-
known, the tube is flask-shaped and divided into five sections.
It adheres to flat surfaces of shells.

Species truncated, with a keel on the dorsal area.

26. rostrata, f. 11.—Ovato-oblonga, subtortua, epidermide
fusco induta, latere antico ante umbones producto, rotundo,
hiatu maximo; latere postico undulatim truncato, oblique
carinato; margine dorsali in aream planulatam elevato;
margine ventrali convexo ventricosa.x—This and the three
following species are characterised by a keel dividing the
posterior part of the shell. G. rostrata is strongly wrinkled,
and its outlines are tortuous. The dorsal area is distinct,
flattened, and raised at the margin.

27. Rerau, f. 10, Deshayes.—G. rostrate similis, haud
tantum tortua, sulcis haud tantum conspicuis; margine
dorsali vix elevato, margine ventrali magis convexa.—Not so
deeply grooved nor so tortuous as G. rostrata, with straighter
dorsal and more prominent ventral lines.

GASTROCH ENA. 131

28. pLicaTILis, f. 3, Deshayes.—Parviuscula tenuis recta,
area postica conspicue sulcata, margine dorsali recto, margine
ventrali paulo convexo.—Smaller than G. rostrata and much
less tortuous in the outlines, but strongly plaited on the
posterior area.

29. mytiLorpEs, f. 8, Lamarck.—G. rostrate similis sed
levigata, latere antico ante umbones producto, subacuminato;
latere postico ante carinam profunde depresso; margine
ventrali magis conspicue convexo.

Genus FISTULANA.
Pram 471, f..to, 16, 17.

Moiluscum vermiforme arenicolum, tubam rectam clavatam
ad terminum anticum clausam, ad terminum posticum
divisam formanti. Valve rectz, postice elongate, antice
brevissime, utrinque truncate.—The valves are long and
somewhat straight, with very short anterior sides, and the
tubes are long, club-shaped, divided like those of Teredo at
the narrow posterior end, and closed at the broader anterior
end, where the valves are found. The Fistulanze burrow in
sand.

Species.

1. cuava, f. 15, Lamarck.—Valve quadratim elongate
utrinque truncate, rectze; hiatu arcuato; area antica bre-
vissima pectinata. Tuba levigata. — Valves elongated,
straight, truncated at each end; hiatus arched, anterior side
very short, pectinated. Tube smooth.

2. agaLuTinans, f. 17, Deshayes.—Valve G. clave similes
sed magis anguste; hiatu angulato. Tuba agglutinans,
lapillis aveneeque granis ornata.--The valves are like those

Lo FISTULANA.

of sp. 1, but much narrower. The tubes in course of
growth agglutinate the sand particles and minute pebbles
surrounding them in their burrows.

3. @RanpIs, f. 16, Deshayes.—Valve late postice rotunde
ventricose. Tuba concentrice annulata.—At the posterior
end the valves are broad and curiously swollen outside, with
a corresponding hollow inside.

Genus SAXICAVA.
PuatEé 471, f. 1-14.

Molluscum perforans. Testa oblonga, zquivalvis, ineequi-
lateralis, ad marginem ventralem hians; epidermide tenui
induta; cardine etate juniori acute bidentato, state majori
edentulo; ligamento externo, super fulcrum affixo, impres-
sione pallii postice late simuato.—The rock-boring Mollusca of
this genus have oblong, equivalve inequilateral shells, which
when young have minute cardinal teeth. These disappear
afterwards, There is an hiatus in the ventral margin for
the passage of a byssus.

Species.

1. arctica, f. 1, Linnewus.—Recta, rugosa, elongato-
subquadrata, postice biangulata; (state juniori ad angulum
spinosa) ad terminum late truncato.—Not constant in shape,
but inclined to be straight, angular, and broadly truncated.
The young shells are narrow and rounded in front, ventricose
at the posterior ventral margin, and spinose on the posterior
angle.

2. austraLis, f. 2, Lamarck.—Tortua, rugosa; umbonibus
magnis, elevatis, fere terminalibus; margine dorsali arcuato,

SAXICAVA. 133

ad terminum elevato; margine ventrali inflato ad terminum
elevato.—Having a tortuous appearance, the umboes and
posterior end being raised, so that the dorsal margin forms a
depressed arch; the ventral margin is swollen behind the
hiatus.

3. RUGOSA, f. 3, Linncus (Mytilus).—Tenuiuscula, elon-
gato-rhomboidea, sub-levigata, ad terminos utrinque depressa,
antice rotunda, postice subtruncata, umbonibus inzequalibus,
fere terminalibus.—-Although named ‘ rugosa,’ it seems to be
generally a rather smooth shell. The ends are slightly de-
pressed, so that the back curves slightly upwards in the
middle. The umboes are nearly terminal.

4. Gurrinu, f. 6, Payrawdeau.—sS. arctice similis, sed
brevior, antice ventricosa, margine terminali declivi; um-
bonibus fere terminalibus.—The figure of this shell is not
sufficiently attenuated posteriorly, and therefore does not
represent that point of difference between it and S. arctica.

5. PuRPURASCENS, f. 7, Sowerby.—Rectiuscula, attenuata,
postice purpurea, oblique biangulata ; angulo inferiori rugoso,
subearinato; umbonibus ante marginem anteriorem pro-
ductis.—Strongly angular and keeled posteriorly, with a
strong purple color. Umboes in front quite terminal.

6. sotipA, f. 12, Sowerby.—Crassa, dactyloidea, ineequi-
valvis, angulis posticis submoniliferis ; area postica truncata,
antica rotundata, umbonibus terminalibus; valva dextra
quam sinistra magis profunda et extensa; margine dorsali
complanato.—A very peculiar date-shaped species, in which
the right valve is deeper than the left and overlaps it. The
shell is thick, with the lower keel almost beaded. It is
truncated at the back and rounded in front, with the umboes
terminal.

7. TENUIS, f. 11, Sowerby.—Levis, tenuis, postice atten-
uata, breviter truncata; antice subrotunda.—Thin, smooth,
narrow towards the back, and truncated at the end.

8. sprnirEera, f. 4, Sowerby.—Parva, subquadrata, conspicue
biangulata, ad angulos spinosa; margine ventrali antice
coarctata ; umbonibus terminalibus.—A small shell, with two
rows of spines placed on the posterior angles. The ventral
margin is curiously divided by a deep sinus.

134 SAXICAVA.

9. stmiLis, f. 13, Deshayes.—Rhomboidea, subcompressa,
radiatim striata, ad angulum subserrata; postice lata, trun-
cata, antice angustiuscula, umbonibus fere terminalibus.—A
little like S. arctica in form, but depressed, externally
rayed, partly serrated at the ridge, narrower in front, with
the umboes nearly terminal.

10. pHonapis, f. 5, Lamarck.—Elongata, concentrice ru-
gata, postice rotunde angulata, ventricosa, medio depressa,
-antice rotunde producta; margine dorsali rectiusculo, margine
postico oblique truncato.—Longer and more ventricose than
S. arctica, and much less angular; wrinkled concentrically.

11. Patitn, f. 8, Deshayes.—Subtortua, postice oblique
inflata, ad angulum concentrice rugata, margine dorsali ad
terminum elevato, margine ventrali sursum acclivi; medio
depresso; antice inflato angustato ad terminum producto,
rotundo.—Rather tortuous in form, narrow and depressed in
front, inflated, wrinkled, and turned upwards at the back.

12. suucata, f. 9, Deshayes.—Lata, subcuneiformis, recta,
rugis magnis concentricis undata; latere antico producto,
rotundo, latere postico lato, ad angulum inflatum, ad termi-
num oblique truncato; margine dorsali recto.—A rather large
species with rather large wrinkles, inflated at the angular part
of the posterior side. It is deeper from apex to ventral
margin than any excepting the two following.

13. Anaasi, f. 14, A. Adams.—Magena, irregulariter rhom-
boidea, alta, crassa, inzequivalvis, flavido-rubescens, leevi, sub-
tabulata ; latere antico truncato declivi, umbonibus magnis,
terminalibus ; latere postico obtuse angulato, margine ven-
trali acclivi.—Large, irregularly rhomboidal, deep, thick.

14, Fiaccrpa, f. 10, Gould.—Parva, tenuis, pallida, subqua-
drata, depressa, alba; antice brevi, medio depressa, postice
quadratim rotundata.— This rather flat square species is of a’
pale colour, and in outline more nearly square than any of
the others.

—
ao
qn

ROTELLA, Lamarck.

Pate 472.

Testa depresso-conica solida; infra angulum callo umbili-
eali incrassata ; intus nacrea; apertura subtrigona; operculo
corneo.-— Trochiform, but depressed; pearly within, and
having the region of the umbilicus thickened by a lens-
shaped callus.

Species.

1. vesTIARIA, f. 1—5, 19, 20, Linncews (Trochus).—Supra
infraque fere equaliter convexa, fasciis strigis et maculis
varie picta; angulo anfractuum obtuso ; callo umbilicali len-
ticulari; anfractibus superne convexiusculis.—Excluding the
next species, the average A. vestiaria may be described as
nearly equal in convexity above and below the angle, the
upper being slightly more conical, the lower more lens-
shaped. A. depressa of A. Adams (f. 19, 20), although a
little more depressed than most of the varieties, can scarcely
claim distinction.

2. ELnGaNs, f. 6, 7, 8, Beck—Quam R. vestiaria magis
conica, anfractibus magis planatis.—-More stiaight-sided and
conical than sp. 1. Generally larger, and bolder in pattern.
A trayful of both species mixed can be sorted without much
difficulty.

3. CALLOSA, f. 26, Sowerby.—Grisea minute nigro fuscoque
variegata; ultimo anfractu lato, superne convexo, infra callo
ventricoso incrassato.—The last whorl is wide and convex
above, rounded at the outer margin, and thickened on the
under side by a swollen callus.

136 ROTELLA.

4, gIGanTEA, f. 15, 16, Lesson. -Magna crassa conica,
griseo late fasciata, angulatim nigro-maculata callo crasso
rubro-purpureo ; columella crassissima, apertura breviuscula ;
anfractibus superne lateraliter planatis.——This large species
comes nearer in shape to R. elegans than any other. Besides
its size, it is remarkable for its very thick columella and its
broad purple red-tinted callus.

5. conica, f. 10, Adams.—Parva fusco-purpurea nigrescens
nitens; superne conica alta; infra subplanata callo umbili-
cali parvo. — Small, darkly-coloured, and conical, with a small
callus. The apex is light purplish brown, with a fire-like
iridescence seen through the outer surface.

6. INFRAPLANATA, f. 11, 12, 13, Sowerby.—Subviride fusca,
concentrice fusco nigrescenti irregulariter lineata, elevatim
conica anfractibus planatis, subtus planata callo parvo, inter
callum et marginem griseo fasciata; angulo subacuto.—The
upper part is a straight-sided cone; the lower is a flat,
almost concave disc, with the angle rather sharp.

7. zeLanpica, f. 24, A. Adams.—Pallide fulva, rubro-
purpurascenti, lineatim strigata ; anfractibus infra suturam
depressis, ad angulum biliratis; subtus tenuissime striatis
columella crassa; callo umbilicali parvo, griseo-purpurascenti.
—There is a depression under the suture towards the middle
of the upper surface of the whorls, and a sort of flattened
keel formed of two conspicuous ridges on the angle. The
under surface is very finely spirally striated.

8. cosTaTa, f. 21, 22, 25, Valenciennes.— Depresso-conica
grisea vel fusca, rubro vel nigro tessellata; radiatim sulcis
senis sculpta, costis inter sulcis vix elevatis planatis; callo
umbilicali subplanato plerumque purpureo-rubescenti; colu-
mella crassa. Var. f. 21, monilifera, Lamk., costa suturali
monilifera. Var. f. 22, swtwralis, Lamarck, costa suturali
supra suturam elevata; sutura profunda.—The sculpture of
this species consists of flattened spiral ribs separated by
narrow grooves. In the variety named monilifera the rib
next to the suture is beaded. In that named suturalis, it is
merely swollen, and makes the suture appear deep. In a
number of specimens the varieties will be found to pass into
each other.

9. yavanica, f. 23, Lamarck.—Alta conica tenuiuscula ;
supra angulum cerulea, spiraliter subdistanter sulcata, ad

ROTELLA. 137

suturam monilifera; ad angulum alba, infra interruptim
fasciata ; callo tenui; columella mediocri.—A lighter shell
than &. costata, with slighter grooves and thinner callus
and columella. The upper part of the last whorl and a band
on the lower are grey, prettily marked ; the sutural margin is
beaded, and the apex whorls fawn-coloured.

10. triopata, f. 14, Sowerby.—Solida, lenticularis, griseo-
fulva, maculis strigisque varie picta; callo umbilicali parvo,
ad columellam juncto; columella trilobata.—The umbilical
callus seems to form a part of the columella, making it, with
the upper and lower parts, a three-lobed column.

11. srriouata, f. 18, A. Adams.—Spiraliter striata, R.
irilobate similis sed superne magis conica, angulo anfracti
ultimi carinato; callo umbilicali parvo, ad medium columellee
juncto; columella superne infraque tenui.—More angular
than the preceding, and although the callus is confluent with
the columella in the same way, there are not lobes above and
below.

12. auamEnsis, f. 28, 29, Quoy.—Ventricosa tenuiuscula
depresso-rotundata pallida, fulvo rubroque varie maculata
et flammata; anfractu ultimo magno, rotundo; spira parva;
callo umbilicali roseo, moderate expanso.—The most rounded
and ventricose of the species, with a moderately broad um-
bilical callus.

13. sacittata, f. 9, Hinds.—Subdepressa, superne conica,
fulva, maculis nigrescentibus sagittatis seriatim ornata;
ultimo anfractu rotundato; callo parvo, circumscripto.—
Resembling R&. guwamensis in form, with arrow-headed mark-
ings, rounded last whorl, and small circumscribed callus.

14. perspicua, f. 17, A. Adwms.—Minuta alba compressa
lenticulari, apertura transverse ovata, callo ventrali semi-
lunari.—The writer has not had a recent opportunity of exami-
ning this shell, and regrets that the figure has not come out
well in the lithographic plate. It is not certain that it really
belongs to the genus.

139

«s Class -PTEROPODA.

Puates 473, 474.

The Mollusca of this class are of simple structure, and are
characterised externally by a pair of wing-like flappers,
which are used as organs of locomotion in the sea. Although
the animal parts are alike in the various genera and species,
the shells are as different in form as any shells can be from
each other. They range from an imitation of bivalve shells
with the valves soldered together, and a simple tubular form
to ordinary spiral and symmetrical Nautilus-like forms.

Genus HYALALA, Lamarck.

Testa quasi bivalvis, tenuis, lateraliter appendiculata, sym-
metrica; apice nonspirali, apertura angusta, labio marginato,
plerumque in rostrum producto.—The shell of an Hyalza
resembles that of a symmetrical bivalve with upper and
lower valves soldered together, and the lower one produced
beyond the upper, mostly in form of a beak. The apex (the
lower part of the figures) is produced, sometimes curved, but
never spiral. Near the apex are lateral appendages or pro-
duced points on each side.

Species.

1. tripentata, f. 5, Forskal.—Globosa succinea; rostro
subquadratim producto; apice acuto; appendicibus binis
distantibus.—The form is rounded, without the apex and
rostrum, about as long as broad. The two lateral three-
cornered appendages near the apex are broad and distant,
and the apex sharply produced.

140 PTEROPODA.

2. Cumrnatt, f. 4, Deshayes.—Quam H., tridentata magis
oblonga, rostro subtrigono magis producto, appendicibus
paulo magis approximatis.-—Rather narrower in proportion to
length, rostrum more produced and trigonal, and appendages
more approximate than in H. tridentata.

3. FLAvA, f. 3, Orbigny.—Flava, quam H. tridentata
magis angusta, appendicibus acutis, approximatis, lateribus
supra appendices contractis.—A yellow shell, thinner and
more contracted at the sides than sp. 1.

4, arrinis, f. 10, Orbigny.—-Quam H. tridentata angustior
et magis tumida; rostro, apice et appendicibus magis pro-
duetis.—The body part of the shell is much smaller in
proportion to the rostrum, apex and appendages, which are
much more produced than in sp. 1.

5. uncinata, f. 7, 8, Orbigny.—Dense fusca, ventri-
cosissima, versus aperturam paulo angustata; apertura
angusta, rostro elevato appendicibus lateralibus magnis, apice
uncinato.—A dark brown shell, with the aperture narrow and
the rostrum turned upwards. Most remarkable for backward
curve of the apex.

6. erpposa, f. 1, 2, Rang.—Elongato-subovata, alba altis-
sime gibbosa; disco superiori oblique conico, medio angulato,
ante angulum rugato; rostro producto, acclivi, bilobato;
appendicibus acutis, approximatis apice deflexo.— The central
gibbosity is raised into an angle, with wrinkles on the front
slope, and the apical spine is bent downwards.

7. GLoBULOSA, f. 8, 9, Rang.—H. gibbose similis sed magis
elevatim ¢t rotunde inflata; apice breviori, uncinato, append-
icibus lateralibus parvis.—The swollen part of the upper
division is more raised and rounded than in sp. 63; the
appendages closer and the apex short and hvoked.

8. LuvigaTa, f. 12, Orbigny.—Minuta alba, subrotunde
complanata ; rostro haud producto; apice acute uncinato.—A
minute white shell with rounded and flattened discs. The

mouth is semilunar, without any produced rostrum. Apex
small and hooked.

9. QUADRIDENTATA, f. 17, 18, Leswewr.—Succinea, ovata,
disco ventrali tumido, dorsali trilobato; apice producto
rotundo bispinoso; appendicibus lateralibus approximatis,

PTEROPODA. 141

labro subquadrato.—Dorsal disc longitudinally trilobate ; two
spines on the rounded apex, similar to the usual lateral
appendages, making, as it were, a four-toothed termination.

10. optusa, f. 13, Sowerby.—Pallide succinea, tenuissime
hyalina tumida; apice subtruncato, vix bidentato ; appendi-
cibus bidentatis; labro subanguste producto.—The side ap-
pendages and obtuse apex have each two very small spines.

11. timpata, f. 14, 15, Orbigny.—Pallide lilacina vel suc-
cinea, trigona ; disco ventrali tumido; rostro elongato, infra
medium leviter contracto, ad terminum acute biangulato,
appendicibus alatis acuto bispinosis; apice obtuse bidentato.
—The rostrum is lengthened, slightly contracted below the
middle and separated into two sharp points at the end; the
appendages are wing-like and double pointed, and the apex
has two very fine points.

12. Lonarrostris, f. 16, Lesweur.—H. limbatee similis, sed
rostro infra medium acute contracto.—Differing from sp. 11
in the sharp contraction of the rostrum, at the end of the
lower disc.

13. minuta, f. 19, Sowerby.—Minuta, ceruleo-alba sub-
quidrata oblonga; appendicibus minutis; apice minutissime
bidentato; apertura semilunari angusta; rostro nullo.

14. rntERMEDIA, f. 11, Sowerby.—Quam H. intermedia
brevior, appendicibus magis distantibus et productis; apice
magis producto et dentato.—Similar to sp. 13, but with
the spines on the apex and the lateral appendages more
developed.

Sub-genus Dracria.

15. vabrata, f. 23, 24, Obigny.—Alba elongata subtrigona ;
apertura bilabiata ; rostro producto ; appendicibus lateralibus
elatis, distantibus, acute productis; apice longe producto,
retrorsim uncinato.—Having all the parts of the typical
Hyalee, but in form and proportions leading to the sub-
generic form Diacria.

16, rrisprnosa, f. 20, Lesweur.—alhba, partim fusco irregu-
lariter suffusa, quadrilateralis, compressa; disco ventrali pla-
niusculo ; disco dorsali trilobato, concentrice rugato ; appendi-
cibus magnis spiniformibus rectis, apertura angusto; labro

142 PTEROPODA.

paulo producto; apice elongato recto spiniformi.—The dorsal
dise (which is not shown) is trilobate and concentrically
wrinkled, as partly shown in f. 27.

17. mucronata, f. 27, Leswewr.—Quam H. trispinosa
brevior et magis expansa ; spinis lateralibus infra medium sub-
depressis ; apice breviori.— Shorter and broader than sp. 16,
with the lateral appendages placed lower, and the apex
shorter.

Genus CLEODORA.

Testa hyalina, trigona, vaginiformis; apertura trigona vel
semilunari utrinque acute angulata, plerumque in spinam
producta; dorso plerumque angulato; apice acuminato.—
The lower lateral appendages of Hyaleea are wanting in this
genus, but in most cases the angles of the mouth are pro-

duced into spines.

18. cuspipata, f. 30.—Vagina trigona, disco ventrali ro-
tunde tumido, dorso angulato carinato, concentrice rugato ;
apertura subtrigona, labro in spinam elongatam acuminatim
producto, angulis lateralibus utrinque longispinosis, apice

roducto.—The side angles of the aperture are low down in
the shell, and then produced into two long upturned spines.
The labrum is trigonal, and elongated into another spine, the
apex being also produced and sharp. The back disc is
beautifully wrinkled on each side of the angle.

19. pyramipata, f. 32, Quoy.— Vagina trigona levi;
disco ventrali subangulatim tumida; disco dorsali medio
angulato, carinato; apertura trigona, acute producta, ad
latera utrinque subspinosa; apice acuminato.—Resembling
sp. 18, but the lateral incisions of the aperture are not pro-
longed, and the angles are not developed iuto spines, although
very acute.

PTEROPODA. 143

20. Lopata, f. 31, Sowerby. — Vagina elongato-trigona,
levi; disco dorsali lobato ; apertura subtrigona, labro pro-
ducto, quinque-lobato, angulis lateralibus utrinque in spinam
productis, spinis acutissimis; apice elongato acutissimo.—
The spines at the angles of the apertures are very sharply
produced; the dorsal disc is lobed, and the margin of the
labrum is five-lobed ; apex very long and produced.

21. avstratis, f. 29, Orbigny.—Vagina longitudinaliter
trigona, lateraliter quadrigona ; disco ventrali et disco dorsali
medio angulatis, angulis lateralibus et apice acute productis,
spinis nullis.—Both discs of the vagina are angular in the
middle, so as to make it a four-sided figure; the apex, side
angles, and point of lower dise are sharp, but not produced

into spines.

22. INFLEXA, f. 21, 22.—Parva tenuissima alba trigona ;
apertura trigona, utrinque ad latera in spinam trigonam pro-
ducta; vagina gradatim angustata, apice elongato, retrorsim
uncinato.—Very small, transparent, and triangular, with pro-
duced triangular spines at the angles of the three-cornered
aperture.

23. pepressa, f. 25, 26, Orbigny.—Minuta alba hyalina,
arcuatim depressa, apertura utrinque ad angulos profunde
incisa, in spinam utrinque producta, marginibus productis,
fere sequalibus tortuosim acclivibus; apice acuminato, de-
flexo.—Resembling Cl. inflewa, but with the upper dise
flattened in the middle, and the two lips of the aperture
nearly equal and curved upwards.

Genus BALANTIUM.

24. recurvuM, f. 35, Childien.—Subeompressa, late sub-
trigona, concentrice tenuiter rugata; dorso lobato ; apertura
semilunari; labro paulo producto, lobato; lateribus angu-
latis, subconyvexis, ad aperturam acutis; apice in spinam

144 PTEROPODA.

recurvam producto.—In shape like a flattened bell with
angular sides, wrinkled concentrically ; having a rather narrow
aperture, the outer lip of which is narrowly produced beyond
the inner.

25. INFLATUM, f. 33, 34, Hyd. et Soul.—Trigona, utrinque
convexa, ad latera acute angulata, disco dorsali leviter quin-
que-lobata, transverse tenuiter lrata; apertura late hianti;
labiis subzequalibus apice leviter recurvo, acuminato.—A
three-cornered sheath with the labial margins nearly equal
and wide apart; the dorsal disc is five-lobed, and the sharp
apex gently turned back.

26. CuapraLu, f. 37, Hyd. et Soul.—Cl. inflate similis sed
disco dorsali haud lobato, labro paulo producto.—Of a rather
more simple form than sp. 25, having both dises smooth and
simple, and the edge of the dorsal disc is a little produced
beyond that of the_ventral.

27. Orpianyi, f. 36, Sowerby.—Vagina angusta sub-
rotunda, elongata, versus apicem attenuata, deinde aciculata ;
apice minutissime globoso; apertnra oblique sbrotunda ;
margine dorsali producta rostrata; margine ventrali sub-
arcuato.—In consequence of the union of the species of
Balantiwm with those of Cizopora, it has become necessary
to change the specific name of the species from Balantiwm
australe to Cleodora Orbignyt.

Genus CRESEIS, Rang.

Testa angustissime pyramidata, tubularis hyalina acumi-.
nata. ‘The shells of this genus may be described as hollow
glass thornlike tubes.

28. acicuLata, f. 45, 46, Orbigny.—Aneustissima acumi-
nata subtortua dorso oblique carinato ; apertura subtrigona
labro producto acuminato; apice aciculato vix curvo.—The

PTEROPODA. 145

dorsal ridge is a little tortuous, and the apex is very slightly
curved.

29. spPINIFERA. f. 43, 44, Rang.—Quam C. aciculata
latior brevior, carina dorsali magis tortuax—Much broader
and shorter than sp. 28, with the dorsal ridge more
tortuous.

30. rotunpDA, f. 47, 48, Sowerby.—Quam precedentes
magis obtusa; carina dorsali et apice obtusis.—More blunt
than the preceding at all points; shorter and wider than
sp. 29.

31. striata, f. 38, Rang.—Latiuscula, recta tenuiter undu-
latim annulata, apice acuminato.—Shorter and more widely
pyramidal than C. spinifera, very finely ringed.

32. vireuLa, f. 39, 40, Rang. — Rotunda cylindrica ;
apertura simplici; apice obtuso, leviter arcuato.—A very
simple tubular form, with the apex blunt and slightly bent.

33. CORNIFORMIS, f. 41, 42, Orbigny.—Quam C. virgula ad
apicem magis recurva, acuta.—The apex is pointed and finely
recurved.

TRIPTERA.

33*. COLUMNELLA, f. 49, Rang.—Bulbiformis, versus termi-
num ventricosa, ad terminum obtusa, lamina parva annulata ;
apertura contracta ovata compressa.—A little bottle-shaped
shell, with obtuse termination.

Genus SPIRIALIS, Souwleyet.

Testa spiralis, fusiformis vel heliciformis, sinistralis,
hyalina; columella plerumque acuta, labio externo tenui.
Operculum ovatum, paucispirale.—The change from tubular

LL

146 PTEROPODA.

and discoid, to completely spiral forms in the same class,
seems sudden and anomalous when the animal parts are so
much alike.

34. Fuemrnen, f. 51, Forbes and Hanley.—Ovato-ventri-
cosa; anfractibus quinis rapide crescentibus, ultimo magno
breviusculo; columella tortua; apertura infra obtusa.—The
last whorl is ventricose, but rather shortened.

35. arovica, f. 54, Fabricitws.—Ovata, leviter punctata,
anfractibus tribus, ultimo maximo ; columella tortua, acumi-
nata.—Of a more oval form than the preceding, with a more
produced acuminated columella and aperture.

36. ventricosa, f. 52, Souleyet.—Depresso-globosa, minu-
tissima ; anfractibus brevibus, ultimo depresso-ventricosa ;
apertura brevi, columella brevi tortuosa.

37. oLatHRatus, f. 55, Souleyet.—Subgloboso-depressa
striato-punctata; spira minuta; columella rectiuscula brevi;
apertura semicirculari.—Depressed, subglobose, with punc-
tured striz; spire very minute; columella short and rather
straight.

38. rotunpa, f. 56, Orbigny.—Depressa discoidea sub-
umbilicata; spira brevi, anfractibus tribus depressis ; aper-
tura oblique rotunda, columella cum margine confluenti.—A
depressed orbicular species, with short depressed spire of few
whorls.

39. Jurrruysit, f. 57, Forbes and Hanley.—S. rotunde
similis, sed ultimo anfractu magis ventricosa, spira magis
conica, anfractibus quinis.

40. Macanprai, f. 50, Forbes and Hanley.—Gracile fusi-
formis, levigata; alba; spira producta; antractibus septenis
convexis obliquis; apertura pyriformi, columella et labio
externo oblique turtuis.—A slender fusiform white shell,
with a raised spire, formed of seven oblique whorls.

Al. avsrrais, f. 53, Souleyet.—S. Macandrai similis sed
magis ventricosa, spira breviori, anfractibus quinis; labio
externo ad medium sinuatim producto.—-Shorter and broader
than the preceding, with a sinuous bend at the middle of
the outer lip.

PTEROPODA. 147

Genus SINUSIGERA, Orbigny.

Testa minuta ovato-subglobosa, medio anfractus ultimi
spiraliter sulcata, apertura subovata, labro sinuato, marginato
bilobato, spira breviuscula.—In both the species known the
outer lip is curiously sinuous, bordered, and bilobed.

42. CANCELLATA, f. 59, Orbigny.—Fusca cancellata, medio
anfractuum sulcata ovata; spira producta, anfractibus tribus
tumidiuseulis; apertura subovata; columella tortua, labio
externo marginato sinuato bilobatim acute producto.—Dark
brown, cancellated, with a groove in the middle of the last
whorl. The two sinuous lobes of the outer lip are produced
and sharply square.

43. microscorica, f. 58, Gray (Struthiolaria). — Fulva
breviuscula, medio ad sulcum rubro-lineata, labio externo
obtuse bilobato.—Shorter, and of a lighter colour than
S. cancellata, with a pointed columella, and the two sinuous
lobes of the outer lip more obtuse and less produced.

Genus CYMBULIA.

A boat-shaped, prickly integument takes the place of a
shell in this genus.

44. C. PERONII.

145 PTEROPODA.

Genus ATLANTA.

Testa nautiliformis carinata semicartilaginosa, spira plan-
orbula.—Partly cartilaginous and formed like a little
Nautilus.

45. Prronu, f. 63, 64, Lesweur.—Compressa, tenuis-
sime hyalina; anfractibus tribus medio apparentibus, ad
dorsum anguste et tenuiter carinatis; apertura subtrigona.
—The broad and rather flat whorls, to the number of three,
are visible in the centre, and have on the dorsal side a thin
and narrow horny keel.

46. Kerauprent, f. 61, 62, Rang.—Subventricosa, tenuis
hyalina; anfractibus duobus medio apparentibus; carina
dorsale latissima; apertura subquadrata.—The whorls, only
two of which are visible in the small umbilicus, are narrower
and more tumid than in sp. 47, and the keel is much
broader. The aperture is more squarely oblong.

47. inrLata, f. 65, Rang.—Subeompressa, alba levis;
anfractibus apicalibus celatis, ultimo umbilicato, carina
dorsali angusta; apertura arcuata, labio acute et longe
producto.—The apical whorls are invisible, the central
umbilicus being small, and the outer edge of the aperture
is arched into a tongue-shaped process.

149

PHASIANELLA, Lamarck.

(Plates I., II. Thes. 475, 476.)

Testa ovato-pyriformis spiralis levis, coloribus variegatis
picta; spira conica acuminata; ultimo anfractu magno;
apertura subovata, labio columellari arcuato, ad suturam
calloso, labio externo simplici acuto. Operculum pauci-
spirale semiovatum vel rotundum, extus callosum.—Rather
oval in the body, with a spire rising into a modified pyramid ;
smooth and beautifully variegated with bands, spots, and
flashes. Operculum calcareous and rounded or oval.

Species.

1. austraLts, f. 2-6, Gmelin.—Oblongo-pyramidata polita
fasciis lineis maculis strigisque pictis; operculo semiovato.
—The cross-bands and fluctuating stripes of the typical
variety, f. 3, are very rich and beautiful, as are the lines and
stripes and arrow-headed spots of other varieties. With
such variations, it is impossible to admit the distinctiveness of
Reeve’s P. venusta (f. 6), the only differences being that
the downward streaks of colour are cut through by white
lines, and that the shell is thinner and more pyramidal. These
characters are, however, interchangeable.

2. zeBRA, f. 9, Gray, MS.— Ovata, crassiuscula, obtusa,
strigis latissimis fuscis usque ad apicem oblique picta;
anfractibus sex convexis.—The broad longitudinal bands are
remarkable. The shell is thicker than P. australis, and
more obtuse.

3. LENTIGINOSA, f. 20a, Reeve.—Elevata acuminata cinerea,
fusco nigrescenti alboque seriatim punctata; anfractibus
M M

150 PHASTANELLA.

convexis.—A pyramidal shell of dark colour, freckled with
dark brown and white spots in lines.

4, yaspipga, f. 23, Reeve.—Tenuiuscula alta acuminata
fulva, fusco alboque variegata et nebulata; anfractibus con-
caviusculis.—More acuminated and pyramidal than P. lenti-
ginosa, with a partly suffused reddish-brown variegated
painting. Few specimens are so elevated or so distinctly
marked as the one figured by the author above quoted.

5, mruropica, f. 21, 25, 28, Philippi.—Solida breviuscula
subroseo-fulva fusco variegata plerumque ad apicem et aper- ~
turse marginem roseo tincta; apice obtuso, apertura subro-
tunda, brevi, labio crassiuseulo.—More solid and blunt at the
apex than P. jaspidea, variously coloured, but generally
tinted with rose at the rounded apex and at the margin of the
short aperture. Var. f. 25 is so curiously tessellated as
almost to deserve specific distinction.

6. Anaasu, f. 27, Philipp?.—Pyramidata acuminata, vivide
cerisea, ad suturam et infra medium albo fasciata, fasciis fusco
angulatim lineatis.—In form resembling P. jaspidea, but in
colouring like P. wthiopica. It has not the rounded apex
of the latter.

7. FuLGuratTa, f. 22, Reeve—Anguste pyramidata fusca,
luteo longitudinaliter fulgurata; anfractibus rectiusculis.—A
narrow pyramidal shell with light angular flashes on a dark
brown ground.

8. nivosa, f. 7, 8, Reeve-—Parva pyramidata cinerea vel
rosea, fasciis lineisque minute variegata; anfractibus convexis
breviusculis; labio externo subexpanso.—This might be de-
scribed as a miniature imitation in colours, markings, and
form, of the more typical variety of P. australis; but the
whorls are a little shorter and more convex. Operculum
rounded and thick.

9. recTICULATA, f. 1, Reeve.—Subglobosa grisescens, fluctua-
tim et fasciatim variegata, lineis minutis intermediis reti-
culata ; anfractibus rotundis, ultimo magno ; apertura ovata;
operculo tumido.—Very ventricose; the last whorl almost
globose. The markings are prettily fluctuated on and between
spiral bands, with intermediate short lines,

PHASIANELLA. 151

10. venrricosa, f. 18, Quoy.—Robusta breviuscula carneo-
fulva, spiraliter minute sagittata, versus suturam fluctuatim
maculata; anfractibus convexis.—Shorter and with more
rounded whorls than P. australis, with spiral rows of minute
arrow-headed markings.

11. venosa, f. 24, Reeve.—Ovata brevis solida pallide
carnea, concentrice fusco fluctuatim lineata; anfractibus
valide convexis, apice obtuso.—One of the thickest species,
with nearly globose whorls streaked downwards with undu-
lating lines.

12. sana@uinna, f. 33, Reeve.—Subglobosa solida vivide
rubra, fulvo fuscoque flammata et lineata; anfractibus rotun-
dis, apice obtuso.

13. nerttina, f, 10, Dunker.—Parva globosa tenuis rosea,
lineis rubris angulatim oblique notata.—A little rosy globose
shell, which might possibly be a very young P. pulla or
capensis.

14. Kocau, f. 15, 16, Philippr.—Brevis, ovata, quam
P. sanguinea magis pyramidataw—Resembling sp. 12, but
more pyramidal.

15. strigata, f. 17, Reeve.—Parva ovata lutea, strigis paucis
oblique notata.—A little buff shell, which may possibly be
one of the varieties of P. pulla.

16. nistrio, f. 26, Reeve.—Parva elongata rosea, minute
fluctuatim lineata, prope suturam rubro-maculata, anfractibus
productis rotundis, ultimo breviusculo.—The whorls are more
produced than in P. Kochii.

17. econGcata, f. 11, Avauss.—Solida ovata, ultimo anfractu
elongata, apertura ovata.—Quite possibly a variety of P.
pulla, but with the last whorl and aperture more lengthened.

18. Vinvxi, f. 12,13, 14, Payraudeau.—Tenuis gracilis,
lineatim variegatis; anfractibus elongatis, leviter convexis,
apertura elongato-subpyriformi ; operculo parvo.—The most
slender of all the species.

19. PuLa, f. 30, 31, 32, Linneus.—Parva subovata varie
picta; spira pyramidata, apertura breviuscula obliqua,

1&5)

WD

PHASIANELLA.

anfraetibus rotundis.—The variations in colouring of this
pretty little shell are almost endless.

20. capensis, f. 34, 35, 36, Dwnker.—Quam P. pulla
brevior, apice obtusiusculo.--Much shorter and more obtuse
than P. pulla.

21. rubra, f. 19, 20, Pease.—Parva, ovato-pyramidata,
subrosea, minute puncticulata; columella alba callosa, infra
econspieue dentata.—The columella ends in a tooth like that
of the genera Quoya, Clanculus, &c.

22. perrorata, f. 29, Philippi.—Minuta, globosa, minute
umbilicata, albida, varie tincta et maculata.—The only species
with an umbilicus.

DELPHINULA, Lamarck.

(Puates I., II. Thes. 477, 478.)

Testa turbinata, subdiscoidea, varie sculpta, late per-
forata, intus nacrea; anfractibus paucis, rapide crescenti-
bus, plerumque angulatis rugosis; apertura rotunda, integra,
magna. Operculum corneum multispirale.

The Delphinulz are a kind of Turbones in form, but
belong rather to the Trochi in having a multispiral horny
operculum. ‘The group to which such species as D. Peronii,
clathratus, &c., belong is separated below, as the shells are
not pearly within.

Species.

1. actnrata, f. 1, 6, Lamarck.—Crassa, rugosa; ultimo
anfractu maximo, liris moniliferis numerosis purpureis et
costellis rugosis subdistanter appendicibus nodosis, et rude
ramosis armata; spira depressa, supra angulum planata;
umbilico intus rugoso maximo, apertura infra subacu-
minata leviter suleata.—At the angle is a row of large,
thick, rudely-branched projections, which are generally raised,
and then bent downwards above the whorl and divided into
two, or sometimes three lobes. The second row has smaller
and straighter projections ; those of the third are larger, and
those beneath, when present, are of various sizes. The var.
f. 1 is irregular in having the projections at the angle
straight, excepting on the penultimate, in which they are
slightly bent over.

2. inctsa, f. 9, Reeve.—Quam D, laciniata magis globosa,
liris moniliferis densis nigrescentibus; angulo anfractuum
subrotundo.—More globose, smooth and rounded than sp. 1.
The beading on the close-set blackish threads between the

154 DELPHINULA.

branched projections are closer, and the interstices seem like
incised lines.

3. EURACANTHA, f. 8, Adams ?—D. atrate similis sed ap-
pendicibus ad angulum magnis, elatis, subramosis.—This
may prove to be an undeveloped state of D. atrata or
D. laciniata.

4, arrata, f. 12, Chemnitg.—Liris moniliferis ut in D.
laciniata, frondibus ad angulos et medio nigris brevibus,
leviter ramosis; labio interno superne sinuatim arcuato
purpureo marginato.—The fronds are black and short, and at
the angle scarcely divided into branches. It may be only a
question of development.

5. AcuLEATA, f. 7, Reeve.—Depressa, superne complanata,
albida, ad angulum rubro fasciata; anfractibus superioribus
spinis trigonis planulatis armatis, ultimo frondibus spiniferis
arcuatim productis ornato, infra angulum biseriatim frondosa,
inter series minute spinosa.—The two varieties given in Con.
Icon. plate 1 and plate 3, agree in having a line of red on
the angle and following up the fronds.

6. tyra, f. 10, Reeve.—Alba, supra angulum et in um-
bilicum purpurea, omnino granuloso-lirata, ad angulum spinis
trigonis parvis ornata ; anfractibus supra angulum convexius-
eulis; apertura carneo-fulva.—The coronal spines are very
short, and the shell presents a peculiar contrast in colour, the
top of the whorls and umbilicus being purple and the rest
white.

7. ImpPERIALIS, f. 11, Reeve, P. Z. 1842.—Olivacea, spinoso-
lirata, ultimo anfractu purpureo-nigrescenti; anfractibus
angustiusculis, adangulum superiorem spinis magnis arcuatim
elevatis, superne planatis coronatis, infra angulum tricostatis,
costis brevibus crassis contrarie inflexis; apertura rotunda
fulvo-iridescente ; umbilico maximo.—The coronal spines are
remarkably produced and curved upwards; at the ends they
are flattened and parted like the antlers of a stag. The
lower rows of spines are regular and distinct. The whorls
are narrower, and the umbilicus larger, than in sp. 1, f. 8.

8. noposa, f. 5, Chemnitz. —Depresso-discoidea superne
roseo-purpurea, infra alba, solida, seriatim granulosa; anfrac-
tibus superne nodulis maximis crassis, plerumque albidis
coronata; apertura alba, infra acuminata.—The coronal pro-

DELPHINULA. 155

jections are thick, rounded, and deflected, reaching inwards
to the suture.

9. pistorta, f. 4, Linnceeus (Turbo).—Rubra purpurascens
depressa; anfractibus infra angulum triseriatim spinosis, supra
granoso-liratis, rugis crassiusculis undatis; ad angulum
breviter squamoso-nodulosis.—Of an irregular growth, the
form of the upper part of the whorls being modified by the
undulations of the top mixing with the thickened coronal
projections.

10. Formosa, f. 2, Aeeve.—Depressa discoidea, spiraliter
granoso-lirata ochracea, rubro tincta; anfractibus angulatis,
superne undulatis, ultimo ad angulum spinis crassis brevius-
culis coronato, infra medium et ad marginem inferiorem
carina angulariter squamosa cineto; umbilico amplissimo.—
Red-tinted orange in colour, and depressed in form. Mr.
Reeve’s f. 2 6, Con. Icon. does not belong to the same species.

11. spHmruta, f. 3, Kiener.— Transverse ovata, fulvo-
coccinea, superne granoso-lirata, conspicue rugis magnis un-
data, ad angulum spinis elevatim productis curvis superne
planatis et divisis coronata; infra quinqueseriatim crasse
spinosis.—In the curved and antler-like projections forming
the crown of this remarkable shell, it resembles D. imperialis,
to which it is not otherwise allied. On the upper part of the
whorls are tumid undulations, radiating lke wheel-spokes
from the suture; a character in some degree presented by
D. formosa, D. distorta, and D. nodosa. The specimen
figured by Kiener has the coronal spines short, undivided,
and regular. They are no doubt worn, and in the figure
appear to be artificially arranged, or perhaps restored.—
The specimen which I am now enabled to figure from the
collection of the late Mrs. De Burgh, is almost peerless in
beauty.

12. steniaris, f. 14.—Orbiculari-discoidea alba, sparsim
purpureo tincta; spira depresso-plana, anfractibus superne
concavis, ad angulum squamato-carinatis ; squamis trigonis ;
infra squamato-spinosis.—From the figure in the ‘ Voyage of
the Sulphur, I should rather take this to be the young of
some larger species ; the tops of several being flattened and
starlike in the same way.

13. raprata, f. 13, Kiener.—Subconica, albida, maculis
lineisque rubris radiantibus supra angulum ornata: angulo
NN

156 DELPHINULA.

depresso angulatim squamoso, anfractibus infra angulum
seriatim spiniferis; umbilico parviusculo.—Not unlike a
Trochus of the Calcar division.

14. muricata, p. 18, Reeve.—Subconica, pallide fulva,
rubro lineata et maculata; infra angulum earinis tribus
prominentibus spiniferis cincta.—Differing from D. radiata
in being more stout and Turbo-like, with the top row of
projections not conspicuously larger than the others.

Genus LIOTIA, Rang.

Testa turbinata crassiuscula varie sculpta, albida, non
nacrea, umbilicata; apertura rotunda; operculum corneum
multispirale.—The shells of this genus might be placed with
the Delphinule, but are not pearly. Most of them are more
closely spiral than the true Delphinule, and have a smaller
umbilicus.

15. Peroni, f. 19, Kiener.—Subrotundato-depressa, seria-
tim foveolata, superne varicosa; anfractibus superne angulatis,
undulatim carinatis; apertura extus laqueata, intus subcon-
tracta, umbilico parvo.—Very curiously pitted, particularly
near the margin of the umbilicus. The varices vary, and in
some specimens commencing at the suture do not reach
farther than the upper angle of the whorl.

16. crparis, f. 20, Reeve-—Depresso-subglobosa multivari-
cosa, varicibus rotundis distinctis per liras spirales junctis.—
The rather frequent and distinct varices are united by several
spiral ridges.

17. scaLarorpEs, f. 24, Reeve.—Globosa, anfractibus vari~
cosis; varicibus magnis paucis.—In this species the large
varices are not united by spiral ribs as in the last.

18. varicosa, f. 25, Reeve.—Angulato-globosa, omnino
foveolata, varicosa; varicibus prominentibus puncturatis ;

LIOTIA. ¥57

interstitiis prope marginem inferiorem profunde foveolatis ;
umbilico parvo.—A union of the pitted and the varicose
sculpture.

19. pepressa, f. 27, Kiener.—Subquadratim angulata,
superne planata, seriatim puncturata; varicibus nodosis
superne angulatis, umbilico majusculo; apertura extus
lobata.—Strongly angulated at the upper part of the whorls
by the depression of the spire.

20. stpERHA, f. 17, Reeve.—Depresso-angulata, costis con-
centricis ad marginem nodosis et carinis spiralibus cancel-
lata; apertura rotunda, margine crasso crenato.—A depressed
species with broad cancellations.

21. cANcELLATA, f. 15, Kiener.— Depressa discoidea, anfrac-
tibus angustis nodoso cancellatis; umbilico latissimo; apertura
polygonali.—More depressed than the preceding and more
closely cancellated.

22. CRENATA, f. 21, Aiener.—Depresso-subconica, punctu-
rata; anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum bicarinatis; carinis
angulatim crenatis; apertura rotunda, margine incrassato,
lobato.—Remarkable for the double keel on the circumference
of the whorls, and for the thickened and nodose character of
the margin of the aperture.

23. DISCOIDEA, f. 26, Reeve.—Depressa discoidea, tenuiter
spiraliter lirata ad angulum carina duplicata, foveolata
cincta ; margine aperture crassa nodosa.—The double keel is
divided into pits by cross septa.

24. otaTHRATA, f. 16, Reeve-—Compressa, ultimo anfractu
rotundo, zqualiter liris concentricis zqualibus cancellato ;
apertura rotunda, margine crasso, laciniato; umbilico magno.
—The narrow rounded last whorl is cancellated finely.

25. coBIsENnsIs, f. 22, Reeve-—Quam L. clathrata magis
rotunda; magis rude cancellata, margine apertura haud tan-
tum incrassata.—More globose and more widely latticed than
the preceding.

26. FENESTRATA, f. 23, Carpenter ?—Minuta, subglobosa
equaliter liris spiralibus et septis concentricis cancellata ;
foveolis profundis.—More deeply and not so finely latticed
as L. clathrata; less globose than L. cobyensis.

ie ee f ae Y J
sic = vb re” sles on Pa a me %
a : : ) |

- es 4 v5 wee pe, ft i

fay

rt naa

i he i 5 ha. yep) by oe a Nl / ey en
i i ee pa ie a PR Pa bate ta oats lam &
te e “14 i ee fam be rm 1 od f age: ia) ae ; ra)
: See Te Lr Le eee oe os i
ee eee rete ee a MR as ait ;
vi ; ‘ a: ony iv Pe er i oo J Py Ae ee =a
: hale Wop dRue ine Maes 1920. bs Mea igeoat
2 Ws aks ay re ee ' i
: Py, , hii MOLD we he » 5
ie 7 ; nue. om a5
a \ ¥ _ : x

159

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

STYLIFER, Broderip.

Priate 479.

Testa tenuissima, plerumque pellucida aut semipellucida,
polita, multispiralis globosa vel subulata; apice styliformi,
plerumque obliquo.—The Mollusca forming these little
glassy shells are parasitic, nesting in holes which they bore
in Star-fishes and Echini. One species, S. Turtoni, is found
on a common British Echinus.

Globose species.

1. astertcouus, f. 4, 5, Broderip.—Tenuissimus rotundus,
pellucidus, spira brevissima acuta; apice styliformi; ultimo
anfractu inflato; apertura postice angusta, antice subquad-
rata; labio externo supra medium flexuosim producto.—No
other species has so large a body-whorl and so small a
spire.

2. ovorpeus, f. 7, A. Adams.—S. astericolo simillimus,
utrinque magis acuminatus, labio externo haud tantum inflexo.
The aperture is a little pointed, and the apex a little more
produced than in sp. 2. Also the outer lip is less inflected.

3. Turtont, f. 9, Broderip.—Quam SN. astericolus minor,
apice magis acuminato.—Like sp. 1, but smaller, and with a
more produced and pointed spire in proportion to the body
whorl.

4. pustus, f. 6, Baird.—Quam S. astericolus, &ce., spira

magis producta, anfractu penultimo subelevato et inflato ;
00a

160 STYLIFER.

apertura obliqua, margine superne inflexo.—The last whorl
but one of the spire being rather raised and inflated, gives
this species a more pyramidal appearance than other globose
forms.

5. saponicus, f. 17, A. Adams.—S. dubio similis, rectius-
culus; ultimo anfractu ad suturam tumido; columella soli-
diuscula.—The form is nearly the same as in the preceding,
the last whorl being a little tumid near the suture. The
columella is solid.

6. GurntHEerI, f. 1, Angas. — Globoso-pyramidatus ;
spira elata, apice flexuoso, ultimo anfractu inflato, prope
suturam subplanato, deinde declivi, infra late rotunda, sinu
columellari late sinuato.—This and the following seem to
combine the characters of the globose and subulate species.
A slight leaning shelf is seen on the upper part of the
whorls.

7. Cumincianus, f. 2, A. Adams ?—Infra globosus, spira
elevata pyramidata ; anfractibus brevibus gradatim crescen-
tibus, apice reflexo; ultimo maximo.—The spire is more
elevated and, consisting of more numerous gradually increased
whorls than in the last species, presents a greater contrast
between the two parts of the shell.

8. Barron, f. 16, A. Addams.—Ovatus, anfractibus duobus
ultimis subcylindricis, prope suturam valide angulatis, infra
angulum subcontractis ; apertura subquadrata ; apice styli-
formi.—The form is peculiar, having a produced angular
ledge at the upper part of the two last whorls.

9. rBURNEUS, f. 8, Deshayes.—Ovato-pyramidatus, alba
polita; apice brevi, acuto, anfractibus paucis gradatim cre-
scentibus, ultimo rotunde subovato.—Of an ovate-globose
form, different from the other species, but as found upon
Asteroids and Echini in the Mauritius, pronounced by
Deshayes to be Stylifers.

10. arrenvatus, f. 10, Sowerby.—Parvus tenuis angustis-
simus rectilateralis ; apice ad latus sinistrum inclinato, acutis-
simo; apertura subtrigona.—Extremely small and narrow.

11. conatiinus, f. 11, Chemnitz.—Quam S. attenuatus
infra latior, anfractibus parviusculis apice ad latus dextrum
inclinato.—The lower whorls are more pyramidal than S. atte-
nuatus, and the apex turned slightly in the other direction.

STYLIFER. 161

11*. Fastigatus, f. 12, A. Adwms.—Solidiusculus, pyrami-
datus ; anfractibus brevibus, rectis ; apice acuminato, paulo
ad dextram recurvo, ultimo anfractu brevi.—With short
straight-sided whorls, and apex slightly curved to the right.

12. sotipus, f. 3, A. Adams. —Subcylindricus, anfractibus
convexiusculis, apicalibus sex, tenuibus angustissimis deinde
subito crescentibus.—From the narrow apex suddenly en-
larging and forming a nearly cylindrical shell.

13. Exaratus, f. 13, A. Adams.—Solidus, subroseus, altus,
anfractibus declivibus, versus suturam subdepressis.—Solid,
elevated, and slightly tinted.

14. supoLatus, f. 14, Broderip.—Tenuissimus tortuus ;
apice ad sinistram recurvo; apertura subquadrata; labio
externo supra medium sinuatim producto.—Very thin and
bubble-like, with the apical whorls turned to the left and the
outer lip sinuously produced above the middle.

15. Tuomastt, f. 15, Sowerby.—Tenuis altus rectus versus
apicem subito contractus; apertura subquadrata.x—A very
tall straight figure with a thin straight needle-like apex.

16. specrosus, f. 18, A. Adams.—Brevis, pupzformis,
apice aculeato, anfractibus subinflatis ; apertura parva; labio
externo flexuoso.

17. BuLBIFORMIS, f. 19, Sowerby.—Solidiusculus pyrami-
datus, infra rotundus ; apice paulo retrorso ; apertura rotunda.
—A very plain, straightly pyramidal shell.

18. supanguLatus, f. 20 (faulty), A. Adams.—Quam 8S,
corallinus latior; labio externo flexuosim producto.

163

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF THE GENUS

SILIQUARIA, Brug.

(Tenagodus, Schum.)

Testa tubuliformis, inzequaliter spiralis, spiraliter inciso-
fissurata ; versus aperturam irregulariter contorta. Operculum
corneum multilaminatum.

The Siliquariz are, like Serpule, spirally coiled ; often more
or less closely towards the apex; loosely and irregularly atter-
wards. They are distinguished from Serpulze by an incised
fissure along the upper part of the tube, either simple or
articulated. Our list is necessarily incomplete, because many
of the species described by Morch are unknown to collectors,
and appear to be founded on slight and interchangeable
characters.

Species.

1. ostusa, f. 3, 4, Schwmacher.-—Tuba lata, spiraliter
striata crassiuscula, pyramidaliter spirata, nonnunquam versus
apicem cylindrica, anfractibus approximatis, intra levigatis,
extra concentrice inciso-rugatis, versus aperturam laxatis ;
fissura integra.—The normal form is represented by f. 4, but
f. 3 represents the variation which gave the original name
‘obtusa’ to the species, the whorls being coiled closely near
the apex and forming a cylinder. The fissure is simple.
The name ‘anguwina’ has been erroneously applied to this
species; it belongs to sp. 13.

2. austratis, f. 7, 8, Qwoy.—Quam S. obtusa striis spirali-
bus crassiores, concentricis, vix incisis; fissura filis septi-
formibus iuterrupta, marginibus elevatis, versus aperturam
simplicii—The Mediterranean species has the slit simple and
open, but the Australian shells have it articulated by little

164 SILIQUARIA.

cross-bars, which, with the upturned edges of the cutting,
form a sort of chain.

3. PonpEROSA, f. 5, Morch.—Quam 8S. australis latior,
magis ponderosa ; anfractibus versus apicem rotundis, levius-
culis, approximatis.—The tube is thicker, and the coils more
rounded and heavy than those of S. australis.

4, Cumineu, f. 6, Mérch.—Tuba angusta elongata alba,
lentissime crescens, laxe spirata, spiraliter et concentrice
striata; fissura dense articulata.—A rather closely striated
white narrow tube, very slowly increasing and rather loosely
coiled.

5. LacTEA, f. 1, 2, Lamarck. — Tuba parva candida, vel
fusco vel purpureo tincto, frequenter aggregata; leviter
striata; anfractibus apicalibus spiraliter pyramidatis; fissura
minute articulata.—A small species found in conglomerated
masses. ‘The little tubes are nearly smooth, and their first
coils pyramidally spiral. The slit is closely articulated.

6. Reena, f. 9, Morch.—Tuba breviuscula angusta, pyra-
midaliter spirata, fusca crassiuscula, concentrice inciso-sulcata ;
fissura dense articulata, spiraliter distanter subsulcata.—A
narrower tube than S. senegalensis, of a burnt brown colour
and pyramidally spiral towards the apex.

7. SENEGALENSIS, f. 17, Reclwz—Tuba rubro-fusca solida,
lente crescens, extra concentrice rugata, spiraliter leviter
suleata, intra laevigata, fissura versus apicem articulata, versus
aperturam simplici.mAs compared with the preceding species,
the tube is of more equal diameter throughout.

8. ENCAUSTICA, f. 18, Mérch.—Tuba parva crassa, irregu-
lariter pyramidata extus incrassata; fissura versus spiram
clausa, deinde articulata, versus aperturam simplici.—The
tube is roughened on the outside by an apparent incrustation.
The fissure is closed towards the apex, articulated next, and
simple towards the aperture.

9. tostus, f. 10, Mdérch.—S. senegalensi similis sed ad
apicem turbinata.—This is drawn from a specimen named as
above in the British Museum, and being unable at the moment
to refer the description, I can state no difference of specific
importance between it and sp. 17, except that the tube is a
little smoother.

SILIQUARIA. 165

10. rrocnuraris, f. 14, Modrch.— Tuba pallide fulva
elongata, versus apicem usque ad medium dense pyramid-
aliter spirata, extus concentrice rugata; deinde levigata,
longe laxata; fissura usque ad aperturam articulata.—A
pretty pale fawn species, gradually passing from a closely
coiled concentrically grooved tube to a smooth loosened one.

11. Bernuwarpt, f. 15, Moérch.—Tuba pallide fulva, fusco
tincta, elongatissima, tenuis, angusta, longitudinaliter striata,
ad apicem spiraliter pyramidata, deinde laxata, declivis ;
fissura articulata usque ad aperturam.

12. ranterensis, f. 16, Morch.—Tuba angusta fusca laxata
cancellata ; fissura simpliciimThe specimen is only fragmen-
tary ; it is cancellated and much relaxed, with a simple and
rather wide slit.

13. aneurna, f. 11, 12, 13, Linnceus.—Tuba fulva, alba
vel purpurea, varie contorta, solida, lente crescens, longi-
tudinaliter lirata, liris echinatis, interstitiis subexcavatis 5
fissura superne articulata, versus aperturam simplici.—There
is a great variety in the mode of contortion, the prominence
of the ridges and of the spines upon them, and the greater or
less length of articulations in the fissure.

Pir

*
4
“ - a
~
5
=
- »
4} ~ %
: » f
j : i, ’
2 y
aS 7 tr
a UL
ae Alb :
ay
|
a ’
- .
A h
>.
.
« ba :
i 7
-_
i
'
-
r
e 4 i
mt
- eT Z
ee ; ;
Sere rT & i ¥
‘ aan
ourt ay j i
© Fh, 7 -
ie on sa
t SS —— a .
veh ir a ire = J
- 7 ile
1 Be *
‘ = 2 ee —
i
J
a
>
{ 7 ~
a
ad . 7
& 5 2 ¢
i & Je
i] \e
7 iY
La
y
i -
~
a

‘Sy Fu x aie sit

*} e rth

pie
ae es ot J ahs hig ot

:
- > ent Lom ned var cali wie ta
aft Aue poet %

e: rs i a

: tae

Genus VANIKORO, Quoy et Gaimard.
Syn. Merria, Gray; Narica, Recluz.
PuaTE 482.

Testa globosa, paucispiralis cancellata vel decussata, epider-
mide tenui induta, perforata, umbilicata ; umbilico in canalem
desinenti ; apertura ampla, margine simplici; operculo corneo.

Subglobose, cancellated, generally white, with a thin
epidermis ; perforated, with an umbilicus ending in a slight
canal. Operculum horny, non-spiral.

Species.

1, canceLLata, f. 7, Reclwz.—Oblique ovata, oblique
sinuatim costata, filis tenuibus decussata, umbilico magno ;
apertura maxima; spira depressa.—This typical species has
thick flexuous oblique ribs, crossed with narrow threads.
The mouth is very wide.

2. crparis, f. 10, Recluz—Quam sp. 1, haud tantum
obliqua, leviter costata, apertura alta, columella rectiuscula,
apice producto, parvo.—Less oblique than sp. 1, more lightly
ribbed, ‘aperture high as well as wide, columella rather
straight, a little swollen in the centre.

3. Guertniana, f. 8, Recluz.—Obliqua, distanter oblique
costata; ultimo anfractu supra aperturam elevato ; umbilico
latissimo ; apertura magna lata depressa; apice depresso.—
A very oblique small species, with oblique distant ribs
crossed by very light threads, a wide aperture, and very wide
umbilicus. The straight columella reaches to the suture.

4. niaata, f. 19, Recluz.—Alta globosa, distanter oblique
costata; umbilico angusto; anfractu ultimo supra aperturam
elevato; apice producto.—Much like V. Gueriniana in the

168 VANIKORO.

distance of the ribs, but less oblique, more globose and high,
with only very narrow umbilicus.

~

5. CLATHRATA, f. 3, Recluz.—Parva obliqua, valide costata
tenuiter spiraliter lirata ; apertura brevi lata ; umbilico latis-
simo.—A little more close in the sculpture than V. Guwerin-
diana, and with a still wider umbilicus.

6. ruGATA, f. 22, A. Adams.—-Subovata alta, undis magnis
et liris spiralibus partim rugata, anfractu ultimo dorso magis
leviter cancellato ; umbilico lato, columella recta, ad suturam
extensa, apertura semicirculari.—Oval in the upright direc-
tion, broadly cancellated excepting on the back of the last
whorl ; apex produced, umbilicus large, aperture semilunar.

7. souipa, f. 1, Sowerby.—Solida subglobosa; spira pro-
ducta, late cancellata; costis lirisque in ultimum anfractum
evandis.—The cancellation becomes obsolete in the later
whorls.

8. pLicaTa, f. 9, Recluz.—Globoso-subovata, tenuiter obli-
que lirata, spiraliter tenuissime striata ; spira subacuminata,
umbilico angusto; apertura infra lata, umbilico angustius-
culo.—Finely cancellated and with a rather pointed apex.

9. Prritrana, f. 18, Recluz.—Magna tenuis, tenuiter obli-
que lirata, spiraliter striata; spira producta anfractibus duo-
bus convexis, umbilico angustato, apertura magna, columella
arcuata.—Large, rather thin, finely cancellated, the oblique
lines predominating ; spire consisting of two dome-shaped
whorls; umbilicus narrow, aperture large with arched colu-
mella.

10. Desnayestana, f. 17.—Quam V. Petitiana altior,
magis ovata costis lirisque ad ultimum anfractum evanidis ;
apertura magna, alta; umbilico angustiori ; columella recti-
uscula.k—More upright oval than sp. 9, the ribs and spiral
ridges disappearing in the last whorl; columella rather
straight.

11. granutosa, f. 4, Recluz.—Subobliqua costis lirisque
reticulata, ad angulos monilifera; apertura subangustata ;
apice subacuminato; umbilico subrotundo.—The sculpture
gives rather the appearance of network knotted at the angles,
than that of cancellation.

VANIKORO. 169

12. semipiicata, f. 5, Recluz.—This shell cannot be here
described, there being some uncertainty as to the speci-
mens.

13. SovuLzyerana, f. 21, Recluz.—Globosa, altiuscula, sub-
acuminata, eequaliter cancellata; umbilico parvo; columella
recti.—The cancellations are moderately small, regular, and
distinct. Umbilicus small, columella rather straight.

14. neLicoipna, f. 20, Le Guillou.—Lata, oblique et
flexuosim costata, inter costas foveolata; ultimo anfractu
oblique crescenti; umbilico angustiusculo; apertura alta,
subpyriformi ; columella rectiuscula.x—The ribs are oblique
and flexuous, and not interrupted by the spiral lines which
cause pits in the interstices.

15. Garmarpt, f. 13, A. Adams.—Latissime cancellata ;
spira elevata, acuminata; canali umbilicali angusto.—A small
shell with few strong crossbars.

16. Cumrinerana, f. 24, Lecluz.—Subglobosa, conspicue
carinata, inter carinas concentrice subsulcata, umbilico pro-
fundo, apertura semicircularii—The spiral keels are promi-
ment and crossed by concentric sulci.

17. Cuvrertana, f. 23, Recluz.—Subcerulea et fulva,
tenuiter spiraliter et concentrice striata; ultimo anfractu
infra oblique expanso; umbilico maximo ; apertura lata, de-
pressa.—Much more finely sculptured in both directions.
The umbilicus and the lower part of the aperture are both
wide and oblique.

18. pistans, f. 14, Recluz.—Tenuis elevata angusta acu-
minata, distanter oblique concentrice costata, spira elevata,
umbilico angustissimo ; apertura auriformi.—There are no
traces of spiral ridges, but distant oblique concentric ribs.

19. rosEa, f. 15, Recluz.—Obliqua, rosea, tenuiter oblique
cancellata; umbilico latissimo; apertura oblique semicircu-
lari; spira acuminata.—Of a rosy tint, finely and evenly
cancellated.

20. acuta, f. 12, Reclwz.—Depresso-subpyramidata, obli-
qua, subeequaliter cancellata; umbilico latissimo; apertura
infra lata, columella ad suturam extensa.—An oblique species
with wide umbilicus and aperture, rather finely and equally
cancellated.

170 VANIKORO.

21. rimpricata, f. 11, Pease.—Parva obliqua angusta,
regulariter et tenuiter reticulata ; umbilico maximo, apertura
valde obliqua; columella elongata.—The aperture is more
oblique than in any other species.

22. Reciuziana, f. 2.—Elevata angusta, regulariter cancel-
lata; spira acuminata; apertura brevi pyriformi, umbilico
mediocri.—One of the most pyramidal species with the
shortest proportionate aperture.

23. miata, f. 6, Sowerby.—Ovato-acuminata, leviter can-
cellata ; spira elevata ; umbilico parvo ; apertura pyriformi.—
More ovate and more lightly cancellated than the preceding ;
umbilicus small.

24, semisotuta, f. 16, Sowerby.—Parva ovata elevata ;
spira acuminata; ultimo anfractu laxe adherenti; apertura
angustissima, elongata; umbilico angustissimo.—A very
narrow rather coarsely cancellated minute shell with very
elevated spire.

Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloupe.
Pate 482.

Testa subglobosa spiraliter granoso-costata ; spira brevi ;
apertura magna; labio interno crasso planulato medio quad-
ratim emarginato ; labio externo intus incrassato. Operculum
crassum, testaceum, nonspirali, ad columellam quasi-articulato.
—Subglobose, spirally granularly ribbed; spire short, aperture
large; inner lip thickened, flattened, and with a square notch
in the middle. Outer lip thickened and striated within.
Operculum thick shelly, not spiral, with curious articulation
on the columellar side.

Syn. Radula, Gray, not Klein.
Species.

NERITINA RADULA (Nerita), Linnwus. Hab. Ceylon. Only
one species known.
(Shell and operculum, bottom figures in plate 482.)

17]

PLANANIS, Lamarck.

(Plates I., II. Thes. Pl. 483, 484.)

Testa ovato-subpyramidata, solida, plerumque spiraliter
suleata aut striata; apertura intus crenato-dentata, supra
infraque subcanaliculata; columella prope suturam callosa,
infra ad terminum planata et truncata.

The aperture terminates in a notch or canal at each end,
the callosity at the suture forming one in conjunction with
the outer lip, and there being a notch at the lower termina-
tion where the columella is flattened and truncated.—The
genus Quoyia is composed of two species (decollatus 11, and
Michaudi 12), which have a notch cut out close to the
junction of the outer lip behind the callus, which is thereby
sharpened into a tooth.

Species.

1. sotcatus, f. 10, 11, Born.—Magnus solidus late pyra-
midatus, sulcis spiralibus crassis rotundis cinctus; apertura
subtrigona, intus valide dentata; columella lata truncata;
labio externo superne subflexuosim depresso.—Of a greyish
colour, mottled and marked variously with brown.

2. encausticus, f. 32, Smith.—P. sulcuto similis sed bre-
vior, sulcis fere evanidis, maculis quadratis tessellatus, an-
fractibus superioribus rotundis, paucis.—The markings have
a tessellated character, the grooves are faint and the upper
whorls few, round and short.

3. BREVICULUS, f. 3.—P. sulcato similis, sulcis fere evanidis,
maculis fuscis oblongo-quadratis medio ornata.—Although
shorter than sp. 1, it has the same pyramidal form, with

L772 PLANAXIS.

sulci almost obsolete and a row of tile-like markings in the
middle of the last whorl.

4, Savianyt, f. 4, Deshayes.—Quam P. sulcatus brevior,
sulcis haud profundis; ultimo anfractu infra medium
angulato, subconcavo.—Like No. 1, but shorter, with shallow
grooves, and an angle below the middle of the last whorl,
which is concave beneath.

5. opscurus, f. 33, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.—
Angustus pyramidatus, fusecus et cinereus, strigis nigrescen-
tibus undatis flammulata, liris rotundis spiralibus cincta ;
anfractibus altis, ultimo obtuse angulato; apertura curta,
intus valide dentata; margine late fusco, labio externo prope
suturam depresso; columella alba, planata truncata.—Of the
same general character as the four preceding, but narrower,
with aperture shorter and whorls elevated.

6. crassisprra, f. 14, Smith.—Subcylindricus, grisescens,
maculis linearibus catenatis ornata; spira obtusa anfractibus
elevatis; apertura brevi infra subtruncata, fusco marginata ;
columella infra planata, truncata.—The whorls exhibit a slow
increase, and thus give a cylindrical appearance to the shell,
which is prettily streaked with chain-like markings down-
wards.

7. PLANIcosTATUS, f. 12, Sowerby.—Elevatim pyramidatus
solidus fusco-nigricans, inter liras planatas profunde sulcatus ;
apertura breviuscula margine, intus lirato, extus crenato,
columella late planulata truncata.—Sculptured by flattened
ribs between deep grooves.

8. suturaALIs, f. 13, Smith.—Parvus albus sulcatus pyra-
midalis ; apertura subtrigona, labio externo denticulato.—
A small white pyramidal shell slightly grooved, with teeth on
the outer edge of the aperture.

9. castannus, f. 34, Smth. — Pyriformis acuminatus
castaneus tenuis; anfractibus rectiusculis, ultimo infra sub-
rotundo, apertura trigona, intus lirata columella angusta.—
Chestnut in colour, pyramidal in foim, and quite smooth.

10. BRAsILIANus, f. 15, 16, Lamarck.—Elevatim pyramid-
atus albus, leevigatus, epidermide piloso indutus; anfractibus
convexiusculis ; apertura brevi lutea, labio externo superne

PLANAXIS. i773

deflexo; margine intus incrassato, liratim dentato.—A smooth,
pyramidal, thick white shell, with a velvety epidermis.

11. DECOLLATUS (Quoyia), f. 2, Gray.—Fulvus et griseus,
leviter strigatus, elevatim pyramidatus, spiraliter valide sul-
eatus ultimo anfractu obtuse angulato; apertura subtrigona ;
columella crassa, postice excisa et unidentata, antice truncata,
labro prope suturam subdepresso, antice rotundatim expanso.
—The apex appears to be deciduous, and the columellar lip,
which in most shells of the genus Planaxis has a little callus
near the suture, is so notched out as to leave a sort of tooth.
This seems hardly a sufficient difference to justify generic
separation.

12. Micnavpr (Quoyia), f. 1.—Pyramidatus levis acumin-
atus; apertura trigona, margine crenato, columella tenui;
postice exciso et unidentata.—This species is smaller and
smoother than sp. 11.—It does not lose its apex, while
the notch and tooth on the columella are not so con-
spicuous.

13. nucLEus, f. 20, Lamarck.—Breviter bulbiformis, acu-
minatus niger crassus; ultimo anfractu magno infra rotundo,
prope suturam infra medium et ad marginem externum
apertura profunde suleato; apertura infra expansa, margine
crasso crenato; columella prope suturam canaliculata.
Smooth in the centre of the whorls, but sulcated deeply at
the top and bottom.

14. NIGRITELLUS, f. 21, Forbes.—Quam P. nucleus magis
pyramidatus, sulcis haud profundis, medio anfractuum eva-
nidis.—More pyramidal than P. nucleus, with the grooves
slighter, and disappearing in the middle of the whorls.

15. aTRopuRPUREDS, f. 10, Avrauss.—Leevis niger; anfrac-
tibus ad suturam plumbeo-fasciatis, infra leviter trisuleatis.
—Having a little lead-coloured band under the suture, and
faint grooves on the lower part of the whorls.

16. Lasiosus, f. 25, Adams.—Subpyramidatus levis nigro-
fusca, nigro obscure spiraliter fasciataa—A dark shell, with
darker cross-lines.

17. acutus, f. 35, Krawss.—Acute pyramidatus, niger;
anfractibus supra infraque tenuiter sulcatis; apertura ad
margivem lirataw—More sharply pyramidal than the pre-

174 PLANAXIS.

ceding, with lighter sulci, disappearing in the middle of the
whorls.

18. sim1Lis, f. 36, Smith.—P. acuto similis, fuscus ; anfrac-
tibus omnino distanter sulcatis.—The grooves do not disappear
in the middle of the whorls.

19. Hanueyr, f. 37, Smith.—Acute pyramidatus, fuscus,
levis ; anfractibus moderate cunvexis, supra infraque sulcatis ;
ad suturam unifasciatus; apertura intus tenuiter lirata, rima
suturali subrotunda.—The little channel formed at the
junction of the life outer with the columella lip is rather
more rounded than in most species.

20. niger, f. 38, Quoy.—Niger, levigatus, tenuiter sul-
catus; apertura subpatula, canali postico subrotundo,—P.
Hanleyi differs from this in several slight particulars, as may
be seen by comparing figs. 37, 38.

21. atrr, f. 40, Pease.—Brevis levis niger; spira brevi;
apertura subtrigona, intus lirata, canali postico nullo.—A
small, rather short black shell, rather expanded in the last
whorl.

22. aBpreviatus, f. 41, Pease.—Brevis laevis niger, obliqua ;
apertura subtrigona expansa, intus lirata, canali postico lato.
—More oblique than the preceding, with the outer lip more
expanded, and a rather wide posterior canal in the mouth.

23. prticEuR (Holcostoma), f.19, Philippi.—Ovatus fulvus,
leviter fusco fasciatus, leevis; spira brevissima ; ultimo an-
fractu magno, medio ventricoso; apertura albida, subovata
columella brevi obliqua lata truncata.—Differing from all
other species in its oval shape and the size of the last whorl.

24. renuts, f. 5, Smith.—Elevatim pyramidatus tenuis
politus, pallide teniatus ; anfractibus convexiusculis tenuis-
sime, sulcatis.—Pale, elevated, and thin, with extremely
slight spiral lines.

25. ineptus, f. 6. Gould.—Elevatim pyramidatus, lineis
distantibus pallide zonatus, spiraliter suleatus.—More elevated
than most of the small lineated species.

26. zonatus, f. 7, A. Adams.—P. inepto similis sed magis
pyramidatus ; ultimo anfractu medio et infra medium rubro-
lineata; apertura subtrigona, labio externo incrassato, denti-
culato.—A single red line appears above the suture of the

PLANAXIS. L7D

upper whorls, and one in the middle and one below the
middle of the last.

27. Lonaisprra, f. 9, Smith—Elevatus angustus tenuis
pallidus; apertura brevi; spira elongata, infra suturam et
medio anfractus ultimo tenuiter rubro-lineata.—The spire is
very long in proportion to the aperture, which is small; one
red line in the middle of the last whorl, and one between it
and the suture.

28. VARIABILIS, f. 22, 23, Smith.—Parvus elongatus albi-
dus, lineis spiralibus rubescentibus nonnunquam cinctus;
spira acuminata.—The two figures represent variations in
colour of this small acuminated species.

29. EBorEus, f. 27, Smith.—Parvus pallidus altus; spira
elevata, anfractibus convexis, ultimo ad medium bilineato,
prope suturam unilineato; apertura subtrigona, labio externo
intus denticulato fusco punctato.—Having two lines in the
middle, and one near the suture of the last whorl.

30. PUNCTO-sTRIATUS, f. 28, 29, Smith.—P. eboreo similis,
lineis minute punctato-striatis cinctusx—Like sp. 27, but
marked in double or single series of minute reddish spots.

31. HerMANnsEnI, f. 30, Dunker.—Breviter subpyramid-
atus fusco-nigrescens, lineis fulvis cinctus, post columellam
umbilicatus ; apertura oblique subexpansa, intus lirata.—The
aperture of this dark little pyramidal species is oblique and
somewhat patulous.

32. LInEATUS, f. 31, Costu.u—Oblongo-pyramidatus, lineis
rubro-fuscis cinctus ; spira elongata, anfractibus convexius-
culis ; apertura brevi, labio externo intus dentato-crenato.—
The well-known West Indian species with red-brown lines.

33. succinctus, f. 42, A. Adams.—Quam P. lineatus
brevior, lineis tenuioribus, anfractibus magis rotundis; spira
breviori.—It is not easy to distinguish this from the last
species, but it is a shorter shell, has thinner lines and a
shorter spire.

34. cincuLatus, f. 39, A. Adams.—P. succincto similis ;
anfractibus versus suturam late fusco fasciatis, spiraliter dense
sulcatis.—A species belonging to the Chinese Seas, strongly
resembling the above West Indian ones. It has a broad
band of colour under the suture, and is closely spirally
engraved.

176 PLANAXIS.

35. striatuLus, f. 18, Philippi.—Quam P. cingulatus
magis pyramidata, spira brevior, magis rectilateralis.—This
species forms a shorter and straighter pyramid than the last.

36. LINEOLATUS, f. 8, Gowld.—Breviter pyramidatus, dense
striatus, rubro-lineatus, infra suturam late unifasciatus.—
Probably the shortest of the lineated pyramidal little
species.

37. stRIGATUS, f. 24 (by error), Hanley.—Bulbiformis sub-
pyramidatus; spira acuminata, cerulea; ultimo anfractu
tenuiter rubro-lineato, infra rotundo; labio externo incrassato.
Small, thick, pyramidal above, and rounded below ; with lines
on the lower, but not on the upper whorls. The above figure
has unfortunately been taken from the wrong shell.

38. viraatus, f. 26, Smith.—Elevatim pyramidatus, ful-
vus, lineis spiralibus rubris et concentricis pallidis ornatus ;
spira acuminata, anfractibus rectilateralibus ; apertura subtri-
gona.—Of a straight-sided pyramidal form, lightly crossed
with reddish lines.

177

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO PLANAXIS.

Including Quoyta, Reel.

abbreviatus, Pse. sp. 22, f. 41.

acutus, Krauss, sp. 17, f. 35.

acutus, Menke=nigritellus.

ater, Pease, sp. 21, f. 40.

atropurpureus, /vecl. sp. 15, f.
bZ

bedeiheracs Lamk. sp. 10, f.

15, 16.
breviculus, Desh. sp. 3, f. 3.
Brouni, Dnkr.=labiosus.
buccinoides, Desh. =sulcatus.
castaneus, Smith, sp. 9, f. 34.
cingulatus. A. Ad. sp. 34, f.
39.
crassispira, Smith, sp. 6, f. 14.
decollatus, Gray, sp. 11, f. 2.
eboreus, Smith, sp. 29, f. 27.

encausticus, Smith, sp. 2, f.32.

fulvus, A. Ad.=brasilianus.
Hanleyi, Smith, sp. 19, f. 37.
Hermannseni, Dnkr. sp. 31.
fOr
ineptus, Gld. sp. 25, f. 6.
labiosus, A. Ad.-sp. 16, f. 25.
lineatus, Costa, sp. 32, f. 51.
lineolatus, Gild. sp. 36, f. 8.
longispira, Smith, sp. 27, f. 9.
Michandi, Or. and Fisch. sp.
ee oe
mollis, Sowb.=brasilianus.

niger, Quoy, sp. 20, f. 38.
nigritellus, Forbes, sp. 14, f.
PAI
nucleus, Lami. sp. 13, f. 20.
obscarus, A. Ad. sp. 5, f. 33.
obsoletus, Menke=nigritellus.
pigra, Forbes=brasilianus.
piliger, Phil. sp. 23, f. 19.
planicostatus, Sowh. sp. 7, f.
12.
plumbea, Pse.=labiosus.
puncto-striatus, Smith, sp. 30,
f, 28, 29.
pyramidatus, Lamk. = sulea-
tus.
Savignyii, Desh. sp. 4, f. 4.
semisulcatus, Sowb.—=nuclenus.
similis, Smith, sp. 18, f. 36.
striatulus, sp. 35, f. 18.—
Philippi.
strigatus, Hanl. sp. 37, f. 24.
succinctus, A. Ad. sp. 33, f. 42.
sulcatus, Born. sp. 1, f. 10, 11.
suturalis, Smith, sp. 8, f. 15.
tenuis, Smith, sp. 24, f. 5.
undulatus. Lamk.=suleatus.
variabilis, Smith, sp. 28, f. 22,
23.
virgatus, Smith, sp. 38, f. 26.
zonatus, A. Ad. sp. 26, f. 7.

a 4
1

cog

rh

A

L279

MONOGRAPH OF THE GENERA

TRIDACNA ann HIPPOPUS.

Prams) f.. TE TED. TV... Va: Vi:
(Pl. 485-489*.)

Testa bivalvis, unimusculosa, antice hians, ad marginem
hiatis crenata, plerumque ovata, costis latis plusminusque
squamatis radiata; squamis arcuatis, interdum magnis ; mar-
gine ventrali dentato-undatis. Cardo dente approximato uno in
utraque valva magno, remotis uno et duobus. Ligamentum
marginale.—The one large adductor muscle is to be found at
about two-thirds length from the posterior end, half way
between the dorsal and ventral margins. The open lunule is
for the passage of a strong byssus, by which the Tridacna
fixes its shell to the rocks. All the shells are ribbed, and
most of them have scales on the ribs, although when the
shells attain a large growth these scales are often eroded,
and in other cases their production is discontinued.

Species.

1. aiaas, f. 11, Limncews.—Maxima ponderosa subovata
subsequilateralis, costis radiantibus septem elevatis laevibus vel
tenuissime laminatis; margine ventrali acute et profunde un-
datim dentato, margine dorsali crassidentato, antice breviter
et rotunde hianti vix crenato.—Neither the shells referred to
by Lamarck, nor that figured in Reeve’s ‘ Iconica’ for 7’,
gigas (probably mutica, Lamk.), will be found to agree with
the Linnzan description, nor is there any reason to believe that
either of them attains to gigantic dimensions. I have no
means of knowing whether the gigantic specimens weighing
over 500 lb., of the Museum Ulrice, or those used as bénitiers
at the Eglise de St. Sulpice in Paris, do or do not show signs
of having had scales; but [agree with Mr. Hanley in believing

180 TRIDACNA AND HIPPOPUS.

that Linneus described his 7. gigas principally from shells
and figures of the 7. sguamata, probably concluding that
all Tridacne were of one species, and that the larger specimens
had been denuded of their scales. Be that as it may, our
figure 11 represents (in characters) four shells, two in the Royal
Botanical Gardens, Regent’s Park, and two in the Natural
History Museum at Kensington, the latter over three feet long,
while weighing only 310 pound, as against the historical
‘500 pound, and ‘two feet across.’ These have very deep
ribs, rather angular than round, and showing only on the ridges
strong, sharp lines, which might possibly indicate the former
existence of thin and close slightly projecting laminz, but
certainly not of large and broad vaulted scales like those of
the following species.

2. squamosa, f. 2, 7, 15, 17, Lamarck.—Magna subovata
ventricosa subeequilateralis; costis rotundis squamatis leevibus ;
concentrice leviter rugatis; margine postico crassidentato,
margine anti¢o breviter hianti; squamis maximis fornicatis
extantibus arcuatis, var. (7. serrifera) squamis costarum
versus apicem subtrigonis, deinde obsoletis. — Although
generally known under the above name, the shells described
certainly belong to the Chama gigas of Linnzeus, with the
Linnean description of which they agree. We think, how-
ever, it would now create more confusion to transfer the
name than to let it stand as it is, so as to retain the name of
T. gigas for the largest species. I have seen specimens
of T. sgquamosa rather more than a foot long.

3. mutica, f. 1, 12, sp. Lamk. (T. gigas, Rve., not Linn.).
—Ovato-oblonga, flavida, antice oblique producta, breviter
hians, margine hianti latissime incrassato, roseo; margine
ventrali; costis quatuor ad quinque latis subdepressis, dense
et tenuissime arcuatim squamatis.—The shells of gigantic
size, figured and quoted for 7. yigas sp. 1, f. 11, show no
signs of scales, and are not oblique. Their anterior side
is, if anything, the shorter. The present species, on the
contrary, is produced on the anterior side, and has very
narrow scales towards the margin. It is described by
Lamarck as having a small hiatus; and the specimen in the
British Museum, from which our figure is taken, is very
small in proportion to the size of the shell. Its margins are
thick and broad, with pinky colouring. Lamarck’s specimen

TRIDACNA AND HIPPOPUS. 18]

is nearly 15 inches long, and that in the Museum nearly as
large.

4. scapma, f. 16, Meusch. fid. Adams.—Ovato-elongata,
flavida, radiatim leviter lirata, postice breviusculo, cuneato,
antice oblique producto obtuso, latissime hians; costis 5-6
depressis, squamis tenuibus, angustis approximatis arcuatis
ornatis; interstitiis valide sulcatis.—Figures in the Ene.
Med. and Chemn. Conch. of this species, are referred to by
Lamarck for 7. gigas, to which it does not belong. It is too
ventricose and narrow, and not sufficiently cancellated to be
referred to crocea or ferruginea. The Messrs. Adams have
figured it in their ‘ Genera’ as Chamostrea scapha of Meusch.
It has a very wide and long hiatus, with crenulated margins.

5. crock, f. 5, 6, 8, 9,10, Lamk.—Ovata obliqua, pallide
aurantia vel ferruginea, liris radiantibus et rugis concentricis
cancellata ; costis plus minusve depressis; latere antico pro-
ducto, hiatu magno; margine postico obtuse cuneato vel
rotundatim declivi; costis plus minusve depressis, squamatis ;
squamis arcuatis angustis tenuibus, frequenter erosis.—Mr.
Reeve separated the variety with less sloping posterior side,
and more rusty colour, as 7’. ferruginea (f. 9), and also gave
the name ‘ Cumingii’ to another very beautiful variety (f. 8,
and perhaps f. 5), in which the ribs are a little more raised,
while the scales, better preserved and broader, are well set off
by the bright colour of the intervals between the ribs.

6. ELonaaTA, f. 3, 4, Lamarck.—Oblonga, antice pro-
ducta, utrinque subacuminata, alba aut flavida costis 8-9
semirotundis leeviusculis; squamis subdistantibus fornicatis
extantibus; interstitiis costarum angustiusculis radiatim
liratis.—The distance and projection of the vaulted scales,
the smoothness of the ribs, and narrowness of the strongly
ridged interstices, distinguish all the specimens we have seen
of this species from T. ferruginea, in our last plate (f. 16),
and it is known from 7’. lanceolata, (f. 18) by other characters.

7. LANcEoLATA, f. 19, Sowerby.—Oblonga, acuminata,
aurantia ; antice attenuatim producta, costis 7—8, medianis
magnis, leviusculis; squamis subapproximatis, arcuatis bre-
vibus, interstitiis leviter liratis ad marginem acute produc-
tis.—The singular obliquity and attenuation of the anterior
side, and the narrowness and comparative closeness of the

Ss

7]

182 TRIDACNA AND HIPPOPUS.

arched scales, give a character to this species as distinguished
from the preceding.

8. rupIs, f. 13, 14, Reeve.—Ovato-gibbosa alba, antice
subproducta, utrinque obtusa; costis magnis rotundis inter
squamis valide liratis; squamis maximis arcuatis latis, later-
aliter expansis ; interstitiis angustiusculis, rude liratis.—The
surface is roughly ridged, both upon and between the ribs.
The scales are large and saddle-like, extending at the sides so
as nearly to touch each other. The shell besides is not so deep
as 7. squamosa, and has a much wider opening.

183

PLEUROTOMARIA, Defrance.

Puates I. II.

Thes. pl. 491.

Testa spiralis trochiformis, intus nacrea ; anfractu ultimo
a margine aperture retro acute inciso ; anfractibus superio-
ribus, incisure cicatrice spiraliter notatis. — Operculum
corneum.

The shells of this remarkable genus have all the characters
of Trochus, being spiral and conical with pearly interiors.
They have at the same time the very important exceptional
character of an incision from the edge of the aperture back-
wards; the cicatrix of the incision or slit appears in the
upper whorls, and continues spirally downwards to the back-
ward margin of the slit in the last whorl. In the growth of
the shell this slit has been filled up in all the whorls succes-
sively to within the required distance from the aperture.
The successively filled up holes of the Haliotis are believed to
be analogous to this. Also some of the Emarginule exhibit
similarly filled-up openings. The microscopic Scissurella isa
still closer example, but it does not belong to the pearly tribe.

Species.

1. Quoyana, f. 5, 6, Fischer.—Subdepressa conica, pallide
fulva, flammulis pallide rubris, oblique concentricis ornata,
liris spiralibus et striis concentricis elevatis oblique decus-
sata; anfractibus decem paulo planatis, ad suturam tumi-
diusculis; apicalibus subattenuatim acuminatis; ultimo
versus marginem basalem oblique angulato; disco basali
subplanato levi subumbilicato ; fissure cicatrice planata ;
apertura oblique quadrilaterali, fissura inframediana, angusta

184 PLEUROTOMARIA.

breviuscula; columella superne rectiusculo deinde arcuata,
oblique elongato: 38 alt. x 48 lat.; fiss. 20 x 14 mil,—The
type specimen of this species, shown in Plate II., recently
drawn, was found in a basket of lobsters, taken in the waters
between Marie Galante and the Island of the Dominique, and
was occupied by a hermit-crab. It was obtained for France
by M. Bernardi, but passed through several French hands, till
Mr. Damon, of Southampton, having acquired it, sold it to
the late Mrs. De Burgh, of whose beautiful collection it still
forms a part. It is the smallest of the four species now
known. Its sculpture is exquisite. The part of the fissure
remaining open is nearly a quarter of the circumference of
the last whorl. The apex is gracefully acuminated and the
suture is deep.

2. Bryricut, f. 7, 8, Hilgendorf.—Elevatim conica, pal-
lide flavida, rubro flammulata solida ; anfractibus subdistanter
liris planatim subnodosis spiraliter cinctis, leviter convexis ;
sutura crenata, fascia cicatricosa inframediana ; disco basali
sulecato, versus medium leevigato, medio profunde infundibu-
lato; apertura subovata, columella crassa, nacrea rectiuscula
infra arcuata cum margine basali aperture confluenti: 82
mil. alt. x 83 lat.—The incomplete state of the aperture pre-
vents the fissure being accurately described, but from the
band-mark it seems to have been broad, and from other
appearances most likely to have been short. The centre of
the basal disc has a funnel-shaped hollow which might be
described as an umbilicus. The characters are seen in our
figure, copied from Dr. E. von Marten’s ‘ Conchologische
Mittheilungen.’ The unique specimen is from Japan. It is
the next smallest in size to P. Quoyana, but much larger.

3. ADANSONIANA, f. 3, 4, Crosse, 1861.—Conica acuminata
profunde umbilicata, pallide rosaceo-fulva, flammulis macu-
lisque rubescentibus irregulariter picta; anfractibus 11-12
supra medium obtuse angulatis, spiraliter liris granulosis
spiralibus, fascie basali magis conspicuis, et striis concentricis
decussatis ; cicatrice fissuree supramediana, lata, tenuiter ar-
cuatim striata; fissura lata elongata; apertura fere quadran-
gulari, vivide nacrea; disco basali snbeonvexa: 74 alt. x 82
lat. ; fiss. 70x 2 mil.—The sculpture consists of numerous
granulated spiral threads, crossed by oblique striz; it is
stronger at the basal surface and under the suture of the

PLEUROTOMARIA. 185

whorls. The walls are angulated obtusely above the middle,
and the fissure-band upon the under side of it is still above
the middle. It is wide, and so is the fissure itself, which
occupies half of the last whorl in length.

4. Rumpun, f. 1, 2, Schepman.—Maxima subdepressa,
concentrice leviter rugata (anfractibus superioribus valide),
flavide carnea, flammulis rubris aurantiis et subpurpureis
concentrice variegata, profunde umbilicata ; anfractibus con-
vexiusculis supra medium subangulatis; cicatrice supra-
mediana angustissima, elongatissima ; apertura oblique
subquadrangulari, columella oblique curva, margine basali
apertures confluenti: 170 alt.x190 lat.; fiss. 230 x 24
mil.— This fine shell is deeply umbilicated, has the
whorls slightly angular above the middle, and has a supra-
medial fissure, in these respects resembling P. Adansoniana,
than which it is more than twice as large. While it is the
largest, it is also the smoothest of the four species, the slight
concentric wrinkles of the upper whorls becoming less distinct
and almost lost in the lower. The fissure is narrow in
proportion to the size of the shell, and in length occupies
more than half the circumference of the last whorl.

TRIGONIA, Braugwieére.

Thes. pi, 492.

Testa gsequivalvis subtrigona, intus vivide iridescente
margaritacea, rosea argentea vel aurea; extus radiatim
nodoso-costata, purpurea, vel rosea vel alba, epidermide tenui
fusco induta. Cardo dentibus in valva dextra duobus divari-
catis oblique serratis, in valva sinistra duobus duplicatis,
divaricatis et serratis. Ligamentum externum.

The two single serrated diverging teeth fitting into two
double ones, and the pearly lining of the interior impart a
singular beauty to the shells of Trigoniz; the former re-
minding one a little of the Unio tribe generally, and the
latter of Castalia in particular. They are, however, marine,
and have strong radiating nodose ribs.

Species.

1. Lamarcky, f, 1-4, Gray.—Ovato-subtrigona, purpurea,
purpureo fasciata, vel aurantia; costis approximatis, dense
moniliferis radiata ; latere postico declivi, anguste truncato.
The smaller of the two best known species and more closely
ribbed than the others.

2. untopHora, f. 9, 10, Gray.— Brevis subquadrata; pur-
pureo fasciata vel alba; costis distantibus, subdistanter
nodosis, ad aream posticam magis approximatis; area postica
subquadrata, late truncata.x—Shorter from anterior to pos-
terior side than 7’. Lamarckii, with the ribs more distant,
and the posterior area more broad and square.

3. MARGARITACEA, f. 6, 7, Lamarck.—Oblique subovata
subeompressa alta rosev-purpurea vel alba; distanter nodoso-

188 TRIGONIA.

costata ; area postica lata, obtuse angulata; margine ventrali
convexo.—Obliquely ovate, rather flat, nearly equal in height
and depth; posterior area obtusely angular. The name was
afterwards changed by Lamarck to T. pectinata. The
following is probably different.

4. pusta, f. 5, Sowerby.—Subrhomboidea, subventricosa,
extus fusco purpurea, distanter nodoso-costata; area postica
subquadratim truncata margine dorsali subdeclivi; margine
ventrali rectiusculo.—This and the preceding seem to differ
in shape and proportions. The present being the more
rhomboidal and the dorsal area more broadly truncated. It is
now the commoner species and distinguished as such in the
trade. It isa more gibbous shell than the true 7. marga-
ritaced.

5. Srran@et, f. 8, A. Adams.—Subrotundata ventricosa ;
area postica abbreviato subangulata; costis magnis confertis,
nodis verruciformibus approximatis ornatis; margine ventrali
convexissimo.—A rounded species, remarkable for the close,
regular, wart-like tubercles on the ribs,

A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

TURBO;

Testa ovata, vel orbicularis, vel conica, interdum, umbili-
cata, intus margaritacea. Operculum semper testaceum,
diversiforme, plerumque crassum.

Shell ovate, orbicular, or conical, sometimes umbilicated,
pearly within. Operculum always shelly, varying in form,
generally thick.

The genus Turbo comprises all the species included by
H. and A. Adams under the sub-families Turbinine and
Astraliine, embracing Senectus, Sarmaticus, Lunella,
Modelia, Prisogaster, Callopoma, Ninella, Collonia,
Astralium, Stella, Guilfordia, Uvanilla, Pachypoma,
Lithopoma, Pomaulax, Cookia and Bolma. It may be
useful to retain these names to indicate the different sections
of the genus, but the attempt to separate these sections as
distinct genera can only be attended with insurmountable
difficulties and anomalies. For instance, looking over the
list in Adams’ ‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca’ of species of the
genus Turbo, and of Senectus, I find no constant character
by which they may be distinguished; in the latter some of
the species are umbilicated, but not all; all the species are
spirally ribbed or grooved, but 7. cornutus, which is classed
as a Turbo, is also ribbed, and the young of 7’. cornutus,
which Reeve has called 7. japonicus, is classed as Senectus.
Again, some of the species of Astralium, Stella, Uvanilla,
Pachypoma, &c., are interchangeable. For instance, I take
T. rhodostoma and T. colwmellaris for one and the same
species (7. hwmatragus, Menke), but in Adams they are
placed in different genera. It might be thought desirable to
confine the genus Turbo to the ovate and turbinated species,

UU

190 TURBO.

separating under another generic name all the species com-
prised in Adams’s sub-family Astraliine ; but here it would be
difficult to know in which genus to place such shells as 7’.
celatus, T. tuber, T. rugosus, &e.

The shells of Turbo may always be distinguished from
those of Trochus by their shelly opercula, and not as they
were formerly distinguished by their forms; so that many of
the species (those of conical form) that have been called
Trochz, are Turbos, and some few of those formerly called
Turbos take their places in the genus Trochus on account of
having horny opercula.

Species.
Section 1. Zwurbo.

1. cornutus, pl. i. f. 1, and xiii. f.78, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
p- 3593.—Testa turbinata, imperforata, tenuicula, fulvescens,
epidermide olivacea induta; anfractus 7, convexi, spiraliter
costati, oblique subtilissime laminati; anfractus ultimus
squamis tubulosis grandibus erectis biordinatim armatus ;
apertura subcircularis ; fauce argentea; peristoma simplex ;
columelJa areuata, lata, depressa, albida, ad basin expansa,
producta. Operculum extus albidum, convexum, funiculo
spirali prominerte munitum, et tuberculis minutis rugosis
undigue asperatum.— A well-known species, distinguished by
its conspicuous double row of large erect scales or horns. In
the Japanese specimens the upper whorls are strongly ribbed,
without scales, which do not begin to appear generally until
about the middle of the penultimate whorl, from whence they
rapidly increase in size from small scales to large prominent
horns. The more southern form (Philippines and Indian
Ocean), which one would at first sight be tempted to con-
sider a distinct species, is generally smaller, and has smaller
and more numerous scales generally commencing nearer the
apex. The shell figured in the ‘Conchologia Iconica’
(Reeve), pl. ix. f. 33 b, as 7. japonicus, of which I give a
figure, pl. viii. f. 78, is a young shell of the Japanese form of
T. cornutus, having attamed to an unusual size without
commencing to be horned. Reeve’s other 7. japonicus is a
distinct thing, and a Mauritian species, which I have named
T. cernicus, species 19.

TURBO. 191

2. MaRMoraTUS, pl. i. f. 4, and iv. 34, Gmelin, Linn. p.
3592, n. 15; Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.) p. 1134—
olearius, Gmelin, Linn. n. 17—cochlus, Ginelin.—The largest
species of the genus with the exception of 7. Jordani. The
young shell has smooth rounded whorls, as figured on pl. iv. ;
when fully developed the last whorl is surmounted by an ele-
vated, rounded, generally more or less nodulous keel, and
has usually one or two nodulous keels round the lower part.
The specimen figured in Reeve’s ‘ Conchologia Iconica’ as 7’.
imperialis appears to bea variety, or young specimen, of this
species, and not the 7. imperialis of Gmelin, for which see
pl. iv. f. 31. V7. marmoratus is very abundant in the
Eastern Seas, and is commonly uncoated and polished, expos-
ing the pearly nacre for ornamental purposes.

3. IMPERIALIS, pl. iv., f. 31, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3594—
Regenfussi, Deshayes.—Testa ovato-conica, subventricosa,
ponderosa, imperforata, viridis, rufo-fusco nebulata, lineis
rufescentibus longitudinaliter strigata, interdum zonis an-
gustis nigricante alboque articulatis spiraliter picta ; anfractus
convexi, rotundati nune levi, nunc longitudinaliter rude
striati; anfractus ultimus interdum superne leviter nodosus ;
apertura ampla, subcircularis; peristoma simplex ; columella
arcuata, ad basin vix effusa. Operculum circulare, crassum,
extus valde convexum, ad latera sinistra incrassatum, ubique
granulis minutis albidis notatum.—A fine species of very
solid growth, generally exhibiting fine longitudinal reddish-
brown slightly impressed linear streaks, but some specimens
are coarsely and irregularly wrinkled.—Has. East coast of

Madagascar.

4, pernoLatus, pl. v. f. 46, 47, Linneeus, Syst. Nat.
(12th edit.), p. 1233 (genus Turbo).—Testa ovata, imper-
forata, polita, rufescente-fulva, vel spadicea, vel viridula,
fusco nebulata, fasciis interruptis nigro-fuscis spiraliter picta ;
spira plus minusve elata ; anfractus 7, convexi; anfr. ultimus
interdum superne depressus, inferne leviter productus ; aper-
tura subeircularis ; columella arcuata, lutea; peristoma sim-
plex; labrum luteo limbatum. Operculum extus politum,
nitens, convexum, medio viridi, et ad margines castaneo et
albo pictum.—A beautifully painted bright shining shell,
varying both in form and marking; the two figures represent
the most prevailing forms. Specimens occasionally occur

192 TURBO.

with a spiral keel at the upper part of the body-whorl.— Has,
Philippines, &c.

5. Reevi, pl. v. f. 48, Philippr; variabilis, Reeve non
Grat.—Quam petholatus magis depressa, apertura amplior,
columella alba.—-I have considerable hesitation in admitting
this as a species. Some of the varieties of petholatus come
so near that it is not always easy to distinguish them.
(rateloup having given the name Turbo variabilis to a fossil
species in 1828, Philippi has changed the name of Reeve’s
variabilis to Reevit.—Has. Philippines, &c.

6, sMaraapus, pl. vi. f. 58, Martyn, Univ. Conch.;
Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3595.—Testa subglobosa, imperforata,
exruleo-viridis, epidermide olivacea induta ; anfractus rotun-
dati; apertura circularis, peristoma simplex; columella
latiuscula, concava, Operculum extus convexum, minutis-
sime granulatum, viridi.—A species of very simple form and
character, in external appearance much like a Helix.—Has.
New Zealand.

7. MAGNIFICUS, pl. vi. f. 59, Jonas, Zeitsch. Mal. 1844,
p. 167.—Testa ventricoso-ovata, imperforata, viridula, fusco
nigroque variegata et maculata; anfr. convexi, obscure sub-
tilissime striati; spira acuta; anfr. ultimus superne leviter
depressus deinde inflatus; apertura subcirculari; columella
mediocriter lata leviter depressa.—A fine characteristic
species, quite unlike any other. It is rare in collections.—
Has. Bay of Sechura, Peru.

8. JourDANI, pl. vi. f. 62, and vii. 71, Kvener, Revue
Zool. Soe. Cuy., 1839, p. 324.—Testa maxima, ovato-conica,
imperforata, rubescente-fusca ; spira acutiuscula, mediocriter
elevata; anfractus convexi, priores spiraliter costati; anfr.
ultimus ventricosus, interdum obscure spiraliter sulcatus,
plerumque longitudinaliter leviter -corrugatus; apertura
ampla, subcireularis; labrum tenue; columella convexa,
tenuiter effusa, superne callosa, inferne angulata.—The largest
species of the genus, yet one of considerable rarity. One
specimen in the British Museum, about six inches long, has
the upper whorls prominently ribbed, and the last whorl
encircled with about a dozen broad scarcely raised ribs; but
a much larger specimen, about twelve inches long, recently
in my possession, presented scarcely any trace of ribs on the
last whorl— Has. New Holland.

TURBO. 193

9. MILITARIS, pl. vil. f. 64, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 40.
—Testa conico-ovata, imperforata, tenuicula, subventricosa,
rufescente-albida, maculis lineisque rufis nitide picta ; anfrac-
tus superne declives, deinde rotundati; apertura subcircu-
laris; columella latiuscula, ad basin vix angulata.—Allied to
and possibly a variety of 7. imperialis. I have seen speci-
mens with two or three tubular scales, like those of J.
cornutus.—Has. Island of Annaa, on the reefs (Cuming).

10. ceporpEs, pl. vii. f. 65, H. A. Smith, Annals and
Mag. of Nat. Hist., November 1880.—Testa anguste sed
profunde perforata, ovato-conica, pallide fusca, viridi strigata
alboque variegata. Anfractus 7, valde convexi, superne
leviter depressi vel subexcavati, incrementi lineis conspicuis,
irregularibus, sublamellosis ornati, striis spiralibus incon-
spicuis et sulcis paucis superne sculpti. Apertura fere
circularis, spira paulo brevior, intus dilute salmonea, mar-
garitacea. Long. 80 millim., diam. max. 70; apertura
38 millim. longa.—(Smith). A very good and distinct
species, somewhat allied to 7. imperialis, but distinguished
among other characters by a deep and narrow umbilicus. The
specimen at present unique is in the British Museum.—
Locality unknown.

Section 2. Senectus.

11. serosus, pl. i. f. 2, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3549.—
Testa ovato-conica, inferne attenuata, imperforata, crassa, ©
albida, viridi et brunneo radiata, aut tessellata; spira acuta,
sutura impressa; anfractus 6, convexi, oblique striati,
spiraliter lirati; liris convexis, superantibus lira minore
intermedia separatis; apertura subovata, fauce sulcata
argentea; labrum plicatum ; columella crassa, parum arcuata,
ad basin effusa. Operculum extus valde convexum, obscure
granulosum, partim oblique striatum, album, interdum cas-
taneo-tinctum.—A well-marked species which there is little
danger of confounding with any other. The body whorl is
large in proportion to the spire; the ribs are numerous and
prominent, crossed by oblique strize, which in some specimens

are almost obsolete.—Has. Lord Hood's Island, &c., South
Pacific.

12. inTERcosTaLis, f. 9, 11, 14, 16, Menke—elegans,
Philippi—radiatus, Reeve, non Ginelin—disjunctus, Anton

194 TURBO.

—articulatus, Meeve—coneinnus, Philipp: — Ticaonicus,
Reeve.—Testa ovato-conica, solidiuscula, profunde anguste
umbilicata, lutea aut viridula, castaneo-fusco superne radiata,
et basin versus spiraliter articulata; anfractus 6, convexi,
parum angulati, liris valde inszequalibus numerosis rotundatis,
plus minusve elevatis, leviusculis aut lamelloso-striatis
cingulati; anfr. ultimus plus minusve descendens, sub-
solutus; apertura subcircularis, fauce argentea; peristoma
plicatum; columella attenuata, ad basin vix effusa, sub-
plicata. Operculum circulare, crassum, extus albidum viridi
tinctum, leviter granulosum.—Another species in which there
is considerable variation both in form and style of painting.
—Has. Indian Ocean.

13. rapiatus, pl. ii. f. 13, Gmelin, p. 3594, f. 19—
Chemnitzianus, Reeve—spinosus, Kiener, non Gmelin—
speciosus, Aiener, non Keeve.—Testa ovato-conica, imper-
forata, albida, strigis parvis fuscesecentibus oblique undatis
picta; anfractus 6, subangulati, priores 2, levigati, se-
quentes medio carinati, et spiraliter lirati; ultimus longi-
tudinaliter lamelloso striatus, spiraliter liratus; liris 2
medianis majoribus, squamis erectis spinosis asperatis 5; aper-
tura subcireularis, fauce argentea; labrum tenue, parum
plicatum ; columella arcuata, subdepressa, ad basin vix
effusa. Operculum erassum, extus granulatum, pallide oli-
vaceum.—A comparatively light species with the ribs closely
scaled, and fine laminar ridges crossing the interstices. Two
or three of the principal ribs are generally spinose.—Has.
Gult of Suez, Red Sea.

14, roLracuus, pl. iii. f. 15, Philippt, Mon. pl. ii. f. 2, 3—
laminiferus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 17; Homb. et Jacq.
Voy. au Pédle Sud, Zool. t. v. p. 60, pl. xiv.—Testa ovato-
conica, profunde umbilicata, viridula, nigro-fusco radiata ;
spira conica, acuta, sutura canaliculata; anfractus 6, rotun-
dati, spiraliter costati; costis interdum lira intermedia
minuta separatis; interstitiis radiatim striatis; striis ele-
vatis lamellosis supra liras erectis; apertura rotunde ovata,
fauce argentea ; labrum plicatum; columella attenuata, ar-
cuata, ad basin parum effusa. Operculum extus convexum,
profunde umbilicatum, pallide tuseum, ferrugineo-bifascia-
tum, squamis minutis confertis erectis pulcherrime asperatum,
ad latera sinistra callosum, deinde carina complanata mar-
ginatum.—An excellent species which there is no danger of

TURBO. 195

confounding withany other. It is distinguished by the close
succession of concentric lamine crossing the somewhat dis-
tant ribs. Mr. Crouch has kindly lent me a specimen with
an authentic operculum, unfortunately too late for figuring.
The operculum is no less remarkable and beautiful than the
shell—convex with a deep umbilicus near the centre, light
brown with dark brown concen‘rie bands, exquisitely orna-
mented with small erect close-set scales; left side thick,
otherwise bordered by a flattenea keel.— Haz. Australian
coasts. The operculated specimen, Port Walcot, North
Australia (Capt. Beckett).

15. sprnosus, pl. ili. f. 17,18; also f. 32,63, 77, Chemnitz,
Conch. Cab. vol. v. p. 204—tubereulatus, Aiener—tuber-
culosus, Quoy—tumidulus, Reeve—nivosus, Reeve.—Testa
ovato-elongata, aut ovata, imperforata, solidiuscula, viridula
aut lutescens, castaneo plus minusve tincta et punctata;
anfractus subangulati, liris numerosis seriatim plus minusve
squamatis vel spinosis cingulati; apertura ovata aut sub-
circularis, fauce argentea. Operculum subcirculare, crassum,
extus elevatum, granulosum, ad peripheriam albo-ecerules-
cens, medio pallide rufeseens.—A very variable species.
F. 17 represents the typical form; f. 18, Quoy’s tuberculosus
(tuberculatus, Kiener); f. 77, Reeve’s tumidulus; f. 32,
Reeve’s nivosus ; f. 63 represents a comparatively smooth
variety with an acute spire, and two brown and white articu-
lated ribs at the base next the columella, which I had almost
described as a distinct species ; but after carefully comparing
it with other and intermediate forms I have decided to
include it.—Has. Nicobar Islands, Mauritius, Ceylon, South
Sea, New Caledonia, &e.

16. arayrostomus, pl. i. f. 10 and 12, Linnaeus, Syst.
Nat. (12th edit.), p. 1236, 624—-var. margaritaceus, Linn.,
f. 12—argenteus, Chemnitz —princeps, Philippi— La-
marckii, Philippi—earduus, Fischer.—Testa ovato-turbinata,
lutescente-alba, aut viridis, fuseo plus minusve maculata
et radiata; anfractus convexi, concentrice striati, costis
numerosis validis, interdum conspicue squamatis cingulati;
apertura ovata, inferne producta, fauce sulcata argentea;
labrum plicatum; columella leviter arcuata, ad basin in-
terdum effusa. Operculum extus valde convexum, virescens
aut pallide castaneum, granulosum.—An extremely variable
species ranging from the frondose shell described by

196 TURBO.

Linneus, to the almost smooth form which represents the
T. margaritaceus of the same author. After examining a
large number of specimens, I can find no consistent characters
by which to distinguish 7. murgaritaceus from 7. argyro-
stomus. T'. argenteus, Ch., and princeps and Lamarcki of
Philippi, seem to me to belong to the same species, the
latter being a young shell. I cannot speak positively as to
these last, not having seen the types ; but from the figures and
descriptions they do not appear to present any specific dis-
tinguishing characters.—Has. Eastern seas generally.

17. arteNsis, pl. i. f. 6,°Montrouzier, Journal de Con-
chyliologie, vol. viii. 370; Souverbie, J. de C., series 3,
vol. i. p. 274.—Testa ovato-ventricosa, imperforata, crassa,
viridis, brunneo-viridique plus minusve leto variegata ;
anfractus 6, rapide accrescentes, spiraliter costati (11 in ultimo
anfractu, 5 in ceteris), costula minima interjacente, oblique
et sublamellatim imbricato-striati; apertura rotundata, intus
in fundo argentea, postea alba, distanter subsulcata; labro
viridi marginato, acuto, subcrenulato; columella plano-
concava, inferne dilatata, cum margine dextro angulum
subrectum formante. Alt. et lat. 55 mill. (Souverbie). Oper-
culum extus convexum, album, medio obsolete granulosum.—
A remarkable species, which there is no danger of confound-
ing with any other. The body-whorl is very large in pro-
portion to the spire, and the mouth large; the spiral ribs are
very regular, narrow, and rounded, with an intermediate ridge
between each.—Has. Art Island, Caledonian Archipelago.

18. Lasonxarnt, pl. ii. f. 7, Deshayes (Delphinula), Mag.
de Zool., 1839—ducealis, Philippi.—Testa ovata, umbilicata,
crassa, albida viriditincta, strigis ferrugineis raris ornata;
anfr. 6 convexi, undulatim irregulariter costati, et lirati;
anfr. ultimus medio biangulatus, ad utrumque angulum
squamis crassis albis tubulosis armatus ; apertura ovata, fauce
argentea ; peristoma simplex, margine subplicato; columella
arcuata, argentea, cum peristomate juncta, ad basin effusa ;
umbilicus costa valida elevata interdum squamigera vel
tuberculosa marginatus.—An easily recognised species; in
some specimens the scales are so large and prominent as to
remind one of 7. cornutus, from which species it is, how-
ever, notably different in general character.—Has. New
Zealand (Deshayes), Keeling Island (Darwin). At present
not common.

TURBO. 197

19. cirysostomus, pl. ii. f. 8, Linnewuws, Syst. Nat. (10th
edit.), p. 762—echinatus, Gmelin.—Testa ovata, subperforata,
solidiuscula, lutescente-alba, castaneo plus minusve tincta et
marmorata, fammulis brunneis vel rufis interdum radiata ;
anfractus 6, superne angulati, undique spiraliter costati;
costis interdum creberrime squamatis; anfractus ultimus
2- vel 3-carinatus; squamis supra carinas erectis, fornicatis ;
liris spiralibus circa umbilicum majoribus; apertura rotun-
data, subcircularis, fauce aurea; labrum crenulatum; colu-
mella inferne parum producta. Operculum extus convexum,
nitens, partim oblique striatum, viridi, luteo et fusco
nebulosum.—The common ‘Gold-mouth,’ distinguished apart
from its general external characters by the gold colour of
the interior.—Has. Amboina, Samoa, Tongatabu, New
Caledonia, Philippines, and Indian Ocean generally.

20. CANALIcULaTUS, pl. iv. f. 30, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
p- 3594.—Testa ovato-conica, imperforata, viridi variegata,
et nebulata, nigricante alboque hic illic marmorata ; anfrac-
tus 6, liris numerosis approximatis planulatis spiraliter
cingulati, lira media majore; anfractus ultimus obtuse
angulatus, superne concavus, medio inflatus, inferne attenu-
atus; apertura subovata, fauce argentea, sulcata; labrum
superne angulatum ; columella vix arcuata, ad basin valde
effusa. Operculum crassum, extus convexum, granosum,
albidum carneo tinctum.—This species approaches very near
to crassus, of which, notwithstanding the differences pointed
out by Reeve, it may be a variety; but, as at present I am
only acquainted with one specimen, it may provisionally rank
as a species.—Has. Unknown.

21. cernicus, pl. iv. f. 29, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.—
japonicus (part) Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. viii. f. 23.—Testa
ovato-conica, solida, subventricosa, imperforata, luteola,
rufo-fusco longitudinaliter flammulata; spira acuta, elata ;
anfractus superne declives, deinde convexi, undique minute
oblique striati, costis planiusculis latis approximatis alternatim
minoribus spiraliter cingulati; anfr. ultimus superne obtuse
angulatus, supra angulum leviter depressus, vix canaliculatus ;
apertura circularis; labrum acutum, plicatum; columella
crassa, convexa, leviter arcuata, ad basin parum producta,
longitudinaliter plicata. Operculum extus valde convexum,
viridulum, rufo-fusco vivide suffusum, conspicue granulosum.
—Reeve has given the name of Turbo japonicus to two

a

198 TURBO.

very different species. One I have identified with the young
of 7. cornutus, which is a Japanese shell; the other is the
species above described, which is not a Japanese but a
Mauritian shell. The two species have little in common,
and it is somewhat surprising that they should have been
confounded.—Has. Mauritius (Robillard).

22. BicoLor, pl. iv. f. 33, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.—Testa
ovato-conica, solidiuscula, imperforata, lutescente-alba, luteo-
fusco late oblique radiata; spira acuta, mediocriter elata ;
sutura anguste impressa ; anfractus 6, superne declives, deinde
leviter angulati, undique concentrice minutissime striato-
laminati, costis numerosis irregularibus fere parviusculis, ad
basin majoribus spiraliter cingulati; apertura subcircularis ;
peristoma simplex; columella arcuata, convexiuscula, ad
basin vix effusa, longitudinaliter plicata. Operculum crassum,
extus convexum, viridulum fusco-tinctum, granulosum.—In
the only specimen I have met with of this species, the broad
brown oblique rays are very clearly defined upon a whitish
ground; the longitudinal striz form minute laminar ridges,
the suture is narrowly impressed, not broadly channeled as
in T. foliaceus.—HaB. —?

23. PULCHER, pl. iv. f. 38, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842,
p. 185.—Testa conico-ovata, subperforata, luteo-spadicea et
viridula, lineis nigricantibus undulatis longitudinaliter picta ;
spira elata, acuta; anfractus superne concaviusculi, deinde
convexi, spiraliter irregulariter lirati; liris numerosis, alter-
natim miuoribus, interstitiisque subtilissime crispato-lami-
natis; apertura subcircularis ; labrum crenulatum ; columella
vix arcuata, attenuata, ad basin latiuscula. Operculum extus
mediocriter convexum, peculiariter cristatum.—An easily
recognised species, principally characterised by a crisply
laminated surface, and dark longitudinal waved lines. The
operculum is very like that of 7. sarmaticws.—Has. North
Australia.—This species presents one of the difficulties of
subdivision. Judged by the shell it is a Senectws, and by
the operculum a Sarmuticus.

24, SpeNGLERIANUS, pl. iv. f. 39, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
p. 3595.—Testa ovata, imperforata, rosaceo-spadicea, maculis
punctisque fuscescentibus nebulata, nitens; spira elata;
sutura late et profunde canaliculata; anfractus rotundati,
plerumque spiraliter suleati; apertura subcircularis.—A

TURBO. 199

remarkable species with a shining surface, generally en-
circled with narrow grooves, but sometimes plain. It
is chiefly distinguished by the excavated sutural channel.
Has. —?

25. SPARVERIUS, pl. i. f. 3, and viii. 81, Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. p. 3594.—Testa ovato-conica, imperforata, solidiuscula,
pallide fusca, nigricante-fusco tessellata ; anfractus 6, convexi,
rotundati, spiraliter costati; costis numerosis latiusculis
plano-convexis ; apertura subovata, inferne parum angulata,
fauce sulcata, argentea; labrum crenulatum; columella
arcuata, alba, ad basin incrassata et producta. Operculum
extus valde convexum, leviusculum, virescens. —- Distin-
guished from 7’. setosws by the comparative closeness and
flatness of the ribs, together with the peculiar tessellated
style of painting.—Has. Philippines, &e.

26. orassts, pl. i. f. 5, Wood, Index Test. Supp. pl. vi. 43
—canaliculatus Kiener, non Gmelin.—Testa ovata, imper-
forata, solidiuscula, viridi et fusco variegata et tesseliata ;
anfr. superne concayo-angulati, ad angulum obtuse carinati,
spiraliter sulcati; apertura ovata, fauce argentea; labrum
plicatum ; columella arcuata alba, ad basin valde incrassata
et producta. Operculum extus convexum, granosum, albidum
carneo-tinctum.—A well-marked species, easily identified by
the accompanying figure.—Has. Port Essington, &e.

27. CASTANEUS, figs. 19, 20, 21, 27, 55, 66, and 76,
Gmelin, p. 3595, No. 28—crenulatus, Chemnitz—hippo-
castanum, Lamareck—virens, Anton—squamiger, Reeve—
pustulatus, Aeeve-—Testa ovato-conica, imperforata, cas-
tanea aut virescente-alba, viridi vel aurantio vel castaneo
radiata et marmorata ; spira acuta, sutura anguste canalicu-
lata ; anfractus 6, convexi, spiraliter lirati, liris ineequalibus
nodosis, interdum squamosis ; apertura subcireularis. Oper-
culum circulare, extus elevatum, carneolum, ad marginem
leviter granosum.—aAnother very variable species, the different
forms of which seem so distinct that the connection between
them is only apparent upon the examination of a considerable
number of specimens. F. 21, a shell of uniform chestnut
colour, answers best to the name; f. 20 represents Anton’s
virens; f.27, Reeve’s pustwlosus ; and 19, 55, and 56, Reeve’s
squamiger.—Has. West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, &e.

200 TURBO.

28. gemMMatTus, pl. vi. f. 56, Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp.
62.—Testa ovata, rufescens; spira acutiuscula, sutura sub-
profunde canaliculata; anfractus superne subangulati,
deinde leviter convexi, nodulis parvis undique gemmati ;
apertura ampliuscula, rotundata.

29. ExquisiTus, pl. vi. f. 61, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 175.—Testa parva, turbinata, imperforata, pallide
viridula vel carnea, rufo maculata et flammulata ; spira elata,
gradata; anfractus circ. 5, biangulati, spiraliter scabroso
lirati, superne complanati; apertura subquadrata; columella
incrassata.—A charming little species, distinguished by the
squareness of the whorls, and the delicate regularity of the
finely scabrous ribs.—Has. Cape Solander, Botany Bay,
Australia (Brazier).

30. TROCHOIDES, pl. vii. f. 67, Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 58.
—Testa subpyramidali-ovata, perforata, luteo-albicante,
olivaceo radiatim maculata, lineolis minutissimis aurantio
fuscis oblique reticulatis picta ; anfractus biangulati, superne
concavo-planati, ad angulum obsolete nodosi, ubique spirali-
ter sulcatii—A somewhat remarkable species described from
a specimen acquired by the British Museum from the col-
lection of the late Mr. Taylor. In external appearance it is
somewhat like a Littorina, and it approaches somewhat to
the Gibbula section of Trochus. There isa strong probability
of its being a Turbo, but the operculum being unknown, it
is impossible to say with certainty.—Has. —-?

31. spEctosus, pl. viii. f. 74, Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp.
35.—Testa ovato-conica, vix umbilicata; luteola hic illic
viridi tincta ; spira subelata; anfractus rotundati, liris pul-
cherrime creberrime squamatis undique cingulati.—The ribs
are more closely and finely scaled than in 7’. radiatus, &e.—
Has. New Holland.

32. TURCICUS, pl. vili. f. 75, Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 60.
—Testa subpyramidali-ovata, imperforata; spira elata,
eradata; sutura excavata; anfractus spiraliter squamato-
lirati, superne declives acute angulati, ad angulum erecto-
squamati; apertura parva; labrum crenulatum. Operculum
extus convexum, minute granulatum.—A species of remark-
able form, rarely met with.— Has. Philippines (Cuming).

TURBO. 201

33. HISTRIO, pl. viii. f. 79, Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 32.—
Testa subglobosa, tumida, solidiuscula, imperforata, albida,
castaneo lati-radiata ; spira abbreviata, sutura canaliculata ;
anfractus convexi, spiraliter squamato-costati; anfr. ultimus
tumidus, costis (cire. 8), erecto-squamosis, interstitiisque
minute squamoso liratis cingulatus; apertura subcireularis ;
columella arcnata subdepressa; labrum crenulatum.—A
species of rather solid growth, of which the body-whorl is
about twice the length of the spire, armed with strongly
scaled ribs.

34. Latus, pl. xiii. f. 165, Philippi, Mon. p. 71, pl. xvii.
f. 1.—Testa conoidea, imperforata, transversim cingulata,
levi, carnea seu pallide fusca, ferrugineo et fusco maculata;
cingulis in anfractu penultimo circa novem, alternis minoribus,
tertio magis elevato, angulum prominentibus formante,
basalibus parum elevatis, albo et nigro articulatis; area
aurantia extus columellam cingente; apertura subcirculari,
argentea. (Philippi.)—An excellent species, only known to
me by the figure and diagnosis which I have copied from
Philippi’s Monograph.—Has. East coast of Africa.

35. FERRUGINEDS, pl. xiii. f. 164, Anton; Philippi, p. 75,
pl. xvi. f. 5.—Testa ovato-conoidea, perforata, transversim
cingulata, lutea, flammis latis ferrugineis picta; anfractibus
parum convexis ; cingulis transversis 6 in anfractu penultimo,
quarto subnodoso, angulum distinctum formante, circa 14
in anfractu ultimo, octavo pariter angulum formante, valde
elevatis, interstitia superantibus; striis incrementi regu-
laribus validis; apertura circulari, basi aliquantulum pro-
ducta, subsulcata. (Philippi.)—Another species, only known
to me by the figure.

36. FiLosus, pl. xiii. f. 167, Fischer in Kiener, Species
General. Turbo, pl. xiii. f. 2.—Testa umbilicata, ovato-conica ;
spira acuta, sutura profunda; anfractibus 6, ad suturas sub-
eanaliculati; priores transversim lirati, liris tenuiter gra-
nulosis; ultimo liris spiralibus, numerosis, approximatis,
granulosis cinctus, superne plano canaliculatus; apertura
ovata, intus argentea; columella umbilicum partim tegens,
inferne parum reflexa.—Color aurantiacus, inferne pallidior.
Operculum extus album, convexum, minutissime granulosum.
(Fischer.)—Has. —? Allied to 7. Caitlleti (Fischer and
Bernardi), but probably distinct.

202 TURBO.

37. AURANTIUS, pl. xiii. f. 175, Fischer in Kiener, Species
Gen. Turbo, pl. xxvii. f. 3.—Testa ovato-conoidea, solida, im-
perforata ; anfractus 6, convexi, subcarinati, longitudinaliter
striati, spiraliter lirati, liris inzequalibus, media majore, 7 in
anfractu penultimo, circa 15 in ultimo; anfractus ultimus
descendens, lira media tuberculis remotis in dorso anfractus
munita subcarinatis; apertura ovata, fauce argentea ;
columella alba, arcuata, ad basin expansa et plicata. Color
luteo fulvescens. (Fischer.)

38. PARVULUS, pl. xiii. f. 153, Philippi, Zeitschr. fiir
Malakoz. 1848, p. 189.—Testa parvula, ovato-conoidea, im-
perforata, marmorata, varii coloris ; anfractus convexiusculi,
cingulis parum elevatis, interstitia transversim striata,
superantibus lviusculis, lineisque incrementi regulariter
distantibus parum conspicuis sculpti; apertura ovata ;
peristoma simplex; columella haud expansa.—Has. Liew
Kiew Island. (Admiral Cecille.)—An interesting species,
only known to me by figure and description.

39. CAILLETI, pl. xii. fig. 149, Fischer et Bernardi,
Journal de Conchyliologie, 1859, p. 294.—T. testa perforata,
conica, solida, rufa, punctis albis minutis notata; transversim
costis validis et inter quas minoribus ornata, nitida; sutura
impressa; anfractibus 5-6 convexis, rapide accrescentibus,
ultimo permagno, reliquum testz superanti; costis 6,
posticis sat elevatis, et sulcis minoribus obsoletis circa
umbilicum munito; apertura ovata, transverse dilatata ;
columella alba, incrassata, peristomate simplici, acuto. Oper-
culum typicum. (F. et B.)—Has. Guadeloupe (M. Caillet).—
The figure is copied from the ‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,’ the
species being otherwise unknown to me.

40. QUADRISERIATUS, pl. xii. f. 139, Anton; Philippi
Mon. p. 75, pl. xvii. f. 18.—T. testa ovato-conoidea, imper-
forata, fusco-crocea, transversim striata, nodis obtusis cir-
cumdata; seriebus nodosum tribus in anfractu penultimo,
quatuor vel quinque in ultimo, primaad suturam sita, quarta
angulum in anfractu ultimo formante; apertura circulari ;
columella lata extus callo cireumdata, (Phil.)—Has. West
Indies.—A remarkable little species, known to me only by
the figure and description.

TURBO. 203

Section 3. Ocana.

41. crparts, pl. iv. f. 55, and viii. 82, Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. p. 3596—Delessertii, Aiener.—Testa suborbicularis,
subumbilicata, rufo-fusca, maculis albidis radiata et zonata ;
spira depressiuscula ; anfractus rotundati levi; apertura sub-
circularis, intus argentea; peristoma simplex; columella
concavo-effusa. Operculum extus albidum, late umbilicatum,
umbilicum perspectivum, ubique spinis minutissimis aculeatis
asperatum, costa lata subcentrali, et lira unica marginali
munitum.—A very distinct Rotella-like species, allied in
general appearance to 7’. natalensis, a ribbed species, of which
it might have been considered a smooth variety; its oper-
culum, however, is quite different, so that the two species
have been placed in different genera._-Has. Cape of Good
Hope.

42. crrcuLaRis, pl. iv. f. 37, Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 46—
Gruneri, Philippi.—tTesta suborbicularis, imperforata, al-
bida, rosaceo-tusco alboque marmorata, spira breviuscula ;
anfractus superne depressi, liris elevatis obtuse nodiferis
alternatim majoribus cingulati; apertura subcircularis,
columella arcuata, plano-concava.—A strongly ribbed species
somewhat allied to 7. natalensis, but quite distinct.—
Has. Swan River, Australia.

Section 4. Sarmaticus.

43. sarmaticus, pl. v. f. 43, Linneus, Syst. Nat. (12th
edit.), p. 1235—Sarmaticus classarius, Gray.—Testa sub-
orbicularis, ventricosa, imperforata, aurantio-flavidula, nigro
et fusco-rubro radiata et fasciata ; spira brevissima ; anfractus
superne depressiusculi, deinde convexi, plus minusve spiraliter
lirati ; anfractus ultimus plerumque conspicue triangulatus,
plus minusve nodulosus; apertura expansa; Jabrum nigro-
limbatum ; columella plano-expansa, ad basin effusa. Oper-
culum extus album, tuberculis copiosis elevatis, conglomeratis
peculiariter cristatum.—A well-known species, commonly
uncoated and polished for ornamental purposes. It has a
very peculiarly tufted operculum.—HaB. South Africa.

44, NATALENSIS, pl. v. f. 44, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 1.
—Testa orbicularis, depressiuscula, subumbilicata, nitida,

204 TURBO.

olivacea vel viridula, rufo radiatim maculata et punctata ;
anfractus 5 convexi, spiraliter costati; costis numerosis,
rotundatis ; apertura subobliqua, rotundata. Operculum
extus album, peculiariter cristatum.—In appearance some-
what like 7. cidaris, but differing in being spirally ribbed,
and in having an operculum like that of ZT. sarmaticus.—
Has. South Africa.

Section 5. Lwumella.

45. porcatus, pl. vi. f. 49, 50, Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp.
52.—Testa orbicularis, profunde umbilicata, viridis, rufo-
olivaceo nitide marmorata; spira depressiuscula, sutura
excavata; anfractus subangulati; costis elevatis rotundatis
minute crenulatis (lira minuta interveniente), spiraliter
cingulati; anfractus ultimus ad basin productus; apertura
eircularis; labrum crenulatum; columella attenuata, ad
basin producta, effusa. Operculum circulare, extus valide
convexum viridula, minutissime granulatum.—Allied to
Turbo mespilus, but distinguished by its strongly-ribbed
growth.—Has. North Australia.

46. unpuLATus, pl. v. f. 42, Martyn, Univ. Conch.;
Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.—Testa orbicularis, late et profunde
umbilicata, albida, strigis caruleo-viridis undulatis longi-
tudinaliter picta, epidermide olivacea induta; anfractus 5,
superne subangulati, deinde rotundati, interdum spiraliter
sulcati; apertura subcircularis; columella leviter depressa.
Operculum extus convexum, albidum, medio obsolete gra-
nulosum, ad peripheriam costa marginali munitum. ‘This
species, like the last, varies from smooth to grooved or
ribbed.—Has. New Zealaud.

47, MESPILUS, pl. v. f. 40, 41, 45, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (13th
edit.), p. 3601 — porphyrites, Gmelin —versicolor, Gmelin
—lugubris, Kiener.—Testa suborbicularis, levigata vel
spiraliter costata, vel sulcata, profunde umbilicata, viridula,
olivaceo nebulosa et minute articulata, interdum fascia
angusta lutea medio cingulata, interdum zonis angustis
spiralibus viridi-articulatis picta ; spira depressa; anfractus
convexi, vix angulati; anfr. ultimus inferne leviter pro-
ductus; apertura circularis; peristoma simplex; columella
planulata, ad basin effusa et producta. Operculum cireulare,
extus valde convexum, nitens, partim albidum, partim

TURBO. 205

viride, minutissime granulatum.—A very variable species.
The smooth marbled form (fig. 45) represents T. porphyrites ;
the ribbed form, with green articulated spots (fig. 40),
Tf. versicolor; fig. 42 represents a ribbed shell of a plain
reddish-brown colour. Another specimen I have before me
is scarcely ribbed, but spirally striated, of a reddish-brown
colour, with a conspicuous yellowish central zone.—Hap.
Philippines, Australia, &e.

48. coronaTus, pl. v. figs. 51-54, Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,
p- 3594—vars. creniferus, Kiener—Hempritchi, Troschel
—granulosus, Gmelin—lugubris, Reeve—modestus, Phil._—
Testa globosa, interdum perforata, plerumque albida, viridi
et fusco tincta, interdum rufo-fusca; spira plus minusve
depressa ; anfractus circ. 5, superne levissime declives, spi-
raliter nodulosi, plus minusve corrugati, nodulis vel squamis
elevatis ad sutura coronati; anfractus ultimus plerumque
biseriatim squamatus, inferne productus; apertura circularis,
vel subquadrata; columella lata impressa. Operculum extus
valde convexum, granulatum, lividum.—A very variable
species, illustrating the futility of depending on any one
character for the establishment of a species. Fig. 51 repre-
sents the typical form, 52 Hempritchi, 53 lugubris, 54 creni-
ferus. Some specimens are deeply and openly umbilicated,
others slightly so, and others again have not the slightest
indication thereof. Having examined a large number of
specimens of different sizes, forms, and stages of growth, I
am compelled to treat them as one species.—Has. Indian
Ocean, Red Sea, China Sea, &e.

Section 6. Modelia.

49. RUBICcUNDUS, pl. vii. f. 69, Chemnitz, 1803, 1804.—
Testa orbicularis, imperforata, rubicunda, punctis albidis
notata; spira abbreviata; anfractus rotundati, liris granu-
latis undique spiraliter ornati; apertura subcircularis, fauce
argentea, sulcata; columella tenuiter expansa, levissime con-
cava. Operculum extus album, medio subgibbosum et
minute granulatum, ad peripheriam subcanaliculatum.—A
beautiful species profusely ornamented with beaded ridges.—
Has. New Zealand.

50. aranosvs, pl. vii. f. 70, Martyn, Univ. Conch.—Differ-
ing but little from 7’. rubicundus, excepting in its smaller
¥y

206 TURBO.

size. The granules are larger, the upper whorls less rounded,
and the body-whorl somewhat more ventricose. It is with
some hesitation that I admit it as a species, but from the
limited number of specimens I have seen I have not been
able to connect it with certainty with 7. rwbicundus.—Has.
New Zealand.

51. aurtata, pl. vii. f. 68, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1863.—Testa conica, obtecte umbilicata, carnea, aureo-
tincta, guttulis rubidis conspersim depicta; spira elata;
sutura profunde canaliculata; anfractus cire. 6-7, convexi,
cingulis granorum moniliformibus subdistantibus instructi ;
apertura oblique ovata; columella valde arcnata, latius-
cula, tenuiter effusa. Operculum extus album, minute tuber-
culatum, ad peripheriam subcanaliculatum.—A rare and
remarkable species, with much the same sort of granulation
as in 7. rubicundus, but of a conical form, and with a
deeply excavated suture.—Has. Tatiyama (A. Adams).

Section 7. Prisogaster.

52. niaur, pl. iv. f. 28, Gray, Beechy’s Voyage, p. 143.—
Testa subglobosa, solida, nigra, spiraliter sulcata, longi-
tudinaliter subtilissime striata; apertura subcircularis, intus
argentea, sulcata; labrum nigro limbatum. Operculum
crassum, extus convexum albidum, leviter granulosum.—A
solid black species, having much the appearance of the
common Periwinkle (Littorina littorea).—Has. Coast of
Peru.

Section 8. Callopoma.

58. saxosus, pl. iii. f. 24, 25, Wood, Index Test., Supp.
pl. vi. f. 45—venustus, Philippi—Mitzchii, Anton.—Testa
ovato-conica, solida, imperforata, viridis, fusco-variegata ;
spira acuta; sutura impressa; anfractus 5, superne leviter
concayi, priores medio carinati, ubique spiraliter lirati, con-
centrice striato-lamellosi, prope suturam tuberculosi; anfr.
ultimus plus minusve obscure biangulatus, interdum squamis
erectis bi- aut tri-seriatim armatus; tuberculis suturalibus
plus minusve elevatis; apertura subcircularis. Operculum
circulare extus sordide album, elevatum, crassum, undique
subtilissime granulatum, medio anguste umbilicatum, ad

TURBO. 207

peripheriam costis 3-4 confertis serratis funiculatum.—This
interesting species, which varies considerably as to its ribs,
scales, and tubercles, belongs to Gray’s genus Callopoma
(founded upon its remarkable operculum), of which only one
other species is known. Adams quotes three species, but
two of these, fluctuatwm and tessellatwm, are simply
varieties of one.—Has. Panama.

54. FLucTUOSUS, f. 26, 36, 57, 80, Wood, Ind. Test., Supp.
pl. vi. f. 44—fluctuatus, Reeve—Fokkesi, Jonas—assimilis,
Kiener—saxosus var., Kiener—tessellatus, Kiener—solidus,
Hanley—funiculatus, Philippi—Moltkianus, Reeve.—Testa
ovato-conica, solidiuscula, subventricosa, imperforata, olivacea,
lineis niveis viridi-umbratis longitudinaliter picta, interdum
virescente alba, zonis spiralibus viridis brunneo-articulatis
picta; anfractus 5 convexi, plerumque superne angulati, liris
plano-obtusis hic illic fere evanidis cingulati; apertura cir-
cularis ; columella lata, alba, longitudinaliter subcanaliculata,
inferne producta. Operculum extus medio album et latera-
liter virescens, costa lata alba spirali centrali, et liris 5-6
marginalibus virescentibus serratis munitum.—The type of
Gray’s genus Callopoma, in which the operculum is very
much like that of the preceding species. Here again several
supposed species merge into one. Fig. 26 represents the
typical form—f. 36, Kiener’s 7’. tessellatus—f. 80, Philippi’s
funiculatus, which is much the same form as Hanley’s
solidus—f,. 51 is another variety allied to tessellatus, but
with the body-whorl regularly rounded, and of an unusual
colour.—Has. West Coast of America.

Section 9. Ninella.

55. TORQUATUS, pl. iii. f. 22, 23, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3597
—heteroclitus, AKiener—lamellosus, Broderip.—Testa orbi-
cularis, plus minusve conica, vel depressiuscula, late et pro-
funde umbilicata, olivacea et viridula, aut sordide alba;
anfractus 6, plus minusve angulati vel rotundati, creberrime
concentrice lamellati, spiraliter lirati, prope suturam nedulosi;
apertura circularis ; peristoma simplex; columella alba, lata,
ad basin canaliculata. Operculum extus album, minutissime
granulosum, valide spiraliter bicostatum, et bicanaliculatum.—
The variety named by Broderip /amellosus (of which a young
specimen is figured, f. 22) is almost sufficiently distinct to
rank as a species. The differences, however, are only of

208 TURBO.

degree, and finding various intermediate forms, I am com-
pelled to consider it only a variety—Has. West Australia,
&e.

Section 10. Bolma.

56. rugosus, pl. vi. f. 60, Linnews, Syst. Nat. (12th edit.)
p. 1234—cumanensis, Valen. (genus Bolma, Aisso).—Testa
globoso-conoidea, imperforata, sordide viridula; spira gradata,
sutura impressa; anfractus plus minusve angulati, spiraliter
scabroso lirati, superne plicis prominentibus coronati; apertura
subcircularis, plus minusve obliqua ; labrum aurantio limba-
tum; columella late expansa, conspicue rufo-aurantio tincta.
Operculum crassum, extus rufo-aurantium, politum, costa
lata rotundata spirali munitum.—This species is always
easily recognised by the bright orange-red colour of the
broadly expanded columella, and of the operculum. Adult
specimens vary considerably in size, the smaller being usually
very solid, and those attaining a larger size comparatively
light. In quite young specimens the crown generally con-
sists of erect spines.—Has. Mediterranean.

57. GYRILLUS, pl. vil. f. 73, Reeve (Trochus), Conch. Icon.
sp. 53.—Testa conico-turbinata, imperforata, rosea; spira
elata, acutiuscula ; sutura impressa; anfractus undique
papillato-granati, superne concavo declives, deinde biangulati,
ad angulos squamis peculiariter late expansis armati; basis
subconvexa, in regione umbilicali callo tenuiter effuso
aurantio induta; apertura suboblique ovata.—Very nearly
allied to 7. modestus of the same author; the whorls are
more squarely convex, and the scales larger and curiously
expanded. Not having seen many specimens, I can only
admit the species provisionally, as the differences dis-
tinguishing it from the last named may or may not be
constant.—Has. China.

58. Moprstus, pl. xii. f. 150, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842,
Conch. Icon. sp. 56.—Allied to 7. gyrillus, but of a more
slopingly conical form, and with the scales more pointed, not
squarely expanded as in that species. Possibly 7. gyrillus
may be considered a local variety of this species; but as far
as I have seen, it seems sufficiently distinct to be separated.
Both species are very rare, and the operculum seems to be
unknown.—Has. Japan.

TURBO. 209

Section 11. Collonia.

59. TRANSENNA, pl. xiii. f. 166, Watson, Moll. ‘Challenger
Expedition,’ p. 714.—Testa suborbicularis, solida, imperfo-
rata, alba, superne breviter conica, inferne oblique expansa ;
anfractus cire. 6, rapide accrescentes, lineis angustis impressis
oblique decussatim reticulati; sutura vix impressa; aper-
tura subcircularis, obliqua, margaritacea ; peristoma simplex ;
columella late effusa. Operculum planum perporcellanum.
—A very remarkable species, which may be taken for the
largest of the Collonia section. Only one specimen of it
was found in the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition, in lat. 34° 7’ N.,
long. 138° 0’ W., Japan, 365 fathoms in mud. The sculpture
is unlike that of any other species of the genus, consisting
of narrow impressed intersecting lines which cross the whorls
obliquely. The apex of the specimen is much eroded, and its
whole aspect is that of an old worn shell. It was, however,
taken with the animal, which has been well described by the
Rey. R. Boog Watson.

60. InDUTUS, pl. xili. f. 168, Watson, Moll. ‘Challenger’
Expedition, p. 715.— Testa parva, imperforata, conoidea,
elata, atba; anfractus 6, rapide accrescentes, convexiusculi,
spiraliter minutissime striati, oblique filo-striati, sutura
crenulata ; apertura obliqua, margaritacea ; labrum crassum ;
columella arcuata vix effusa, leviter excavatum. Operculum
tenue, complanatum, calcareum.—Has. Culebra Island, St.
Thomas, Danish West Indies, 390 fathoms.

61. pyropus, pl. viii. f. 87, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 61.—
Testa subdepresso-ovata, imperforata, rubra; spira abbre-
viata; anfractus convexi, rotundati, spiraliter striati; anfr.
ultimus inflatus ; apertura ampla, circularis, obliqua ; labrum
crassum ; columella leviter concava, vix expansa.—Next to
the new Challenger species transenna, this is the largest of
the Collonia section. Like others of the section it is of a
deep red colour, of rather solid growth, with a somewhat
oblique aperture. Its locality is unknown; and the specimen,
at present unique, is in the British Museum.

62. sancuineus, pl. xii. f. 146, Limnewus, Syst. Nat.
(12th edit.) p. 1235—Globulus roseus, Chemnitz—Turbo
coceineus, Muhlf.—corallinus, Reeve—Collonia quantilla ?
Gould.—Testa suborbicularis, imperforata, solida, sanguinea ;

210 TURBO.

spira obtusa; sutura impressa; anfractus convexo declives,
spiraliter conspicue suleati ; anfr. ultimus rotundatus inferne
leviter compressus ; apertura oblique ovata labrum crassius-
culum; columella callosa inferne minute uni-tuberculatum.
Operculum complanatum, extus album, medio corrugatum.
—Kasily distinguished from others of the group by its strong
spiral grooves and uniform colour.—Has. Mediterranean.
Specimens in the British Museum from Hakodadi, Japan.

63. MURREUS, pl. viii. f. 84, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 54.—
Testa minuta, suborbicularis, vix umbilicata, levigata,
polita, alba, roseo nitide maculata.—A minute smooth shell,
delicately spotted with rose colour.—Has. — ?

64. verruca, pl. viii. f. 86, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. vol. ii. p. 27—Collonia glariosa, Gould—Turbo san-
guineus, Reeve, non Linn.—T. roseus, Philippi. —Testa
parva, subglobosa, umbilicata, alba, maculis sanguineis in-
terruptis cingulata; spira parviuscula; anfractus convexi,
spiraliter lirati; apertura subcireularis, fauce sulcata.—A
prettily spotted ribbed species, pormew Aut varying in form.—
Has. Sandwich Islands.

65. MARGINATUS, pl. viii. f. 94, Nuttall?, Reeve, Conch.
Icon. sp. 56.—Testa subovata, solida, imperforata, albida,
livido-olivaceo tincta et maculata; spira brevis, acutiuscula ;
anfractus convexi spiraliter minutissime sulcati; anfr. ulti-
mus ventricosus; apertura parva oblique ovata; labrum
crassum. Operculum extus politum crassiusculum.— A
moderately large species of the Collonia group, thick,
whitish, tinged and mottled with livid olive colour. It has
a smooth appearance, but is finely spirally grooved through-
out.—Has. Upper California.

66. amussiratus, pl. viii. f. 85, 92, 95, Gould (Turbo),
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, vol. viiii—Collonia sanga-
rensis, Schrenck— Collonia rubra A. Ad. MSS. ?—Testa
ovata, imperforata, rufo-purpurea; spira tumida; sutura
impressa; anfractus convexi, rotundati, spiraliter rugose
striati, et costis irregularibus plus minusve nodulosis cingu-
lati, lineis obliquis incisis sculpti ; apertura parviuscula, sub-
circularis. Operculum subplanatum, extus album, minute
granulosum, centro depressiusculo.—Has. Japan.

67. squamatus, pl. viii. f. 88, A. Adams, MSS. ?—Testa
ovato-conica, tenuicula, imperforata, sordida ; spira acutius-

TURBO. 211

cula; anfractus 5, superne concavo declives, deinde obtuse
angulati, spiraliter lirati, utrinque spiraliter minute striati,
et striis obliquis minutissime squamatis sculpti; anfr. ultimus
ad peripheriam angulatus; apertura parviuscula, subcircu-
laris.—Specimens in the British Museum with name by A.
Adams, but he does not seem to have published any descrip-
tion of the species.—Has, Unknown.

68. NocturNUs, pl. viii. f. 90, Gould, ‘ Otia, p. 160—
Collonia variegata, A.Adams.—Testa parva, subovata, rubido-
purpurea, interdum hie illic albo-strigata; spira tumida;
anfractus rotundati, costis numerosis confertis glabratis
spiraliter cingulati; anfr. ultimus ad peripheriam obtuse
angulatus, costis infra angulum minoribus; apertura par-
viuscula, subcireularis. Operculum subplanatum, extus
albidum, minute granulosum, centro depressiusculo.—Has.
Japan.

69. ARMILLATUS, pl. viii. f. 93 (reversed by error)—Collonia
armillata, A. Adams, MSS. ?—Testa suborbicularis, imper-
forata, albida, flammulis obliquis angustis rubro-fuscis or-
nata ; spira depressiuscula ; anfractus rotundati, costis latius-
culis, confertis subplanulatis spiraliter cingulati.— Has.
Australia. Specimens in the British Museum with the above
name by A. Adams, but he does not seem to have published
any description of the species.

70. ELEvatus, pl. viii. f. 96, Souleyet, ‘Voyage de la
Bonite,’ t. ii. p. 594, pl. 37, f. 15-19—propinquus, Hupé.—
Testa ovato-conica, imperforata, cinereo-nigra; spira sub-
acuta, elevata; anfractus 5, convexi, ad suturam parum
excavati, sublevigati aut spiraliter et obsolete lirati; an-
fractus ultimus reliquum teste superans, infra convexus ;
apertura ovata, intus argentea; labrum nigrum; columella
planata, depresso-concaviuscula. Operculum extus album,
undoso-striatum, subumbilicatum.—Has. Chili. Specimen
in the Paris Museum.

71. mAcuLosus, pl. xiii. f. 154, Pease, American Journal
of Conchology, vol. iv. p. 91.—Testa parva, globosa, umbili-
cata, nitida, tenuicula, concentrice irregulariter costata, in-
terstitiis sulcatis, concavis, transversim subtilissime striata ;
alba, costis maculis roseis distantibus maculata. (Pease.)
Diam. 2, alt. 14 mill.—Has. Paumotus (Polynesia).

212 TURBO.

72. Fricki, pl. xiii. f. 155, Crosse, Journ. de Conch.
1865.—Testa anguste umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, cras-
siuscula, albida, nigro plus minusve variegata; sutura
subcrenulata ; anfractus 4, rapide accrescentes, spiraliter
tenuissime striati et costis 2 validis, carinam formantibus
cingulati; ad suturam subplani, deinde convexiusculi; anfr.
ultimus tricostato-carinatus, ad basin plano-convexus, et
spiraliter granulato-striatus; apertura rotundata, margine
basali valide incrassato.—Has. California.

73. NANINUS, pl. xiii. f. 156, Sowverbie, Journ. de Conch.
1864—Collonia roseopunctata, Angas.—Testa minuta, um-
bilicata, orbicularis, alba, punctis rosaceis notata; anfractus
4, rotundati, spiraliter minute costato-striati; apertura
obliqua, subrotunda. Operculum extus album, profunde
immersum.—Has. Caledonian Archipelago (Souverbie), 8.
Australia (Angas).

74, RUBRICINOTUS, pl. xiii. f. 157, Mighels, Proc. Boston
Soe. Nat. Hist. 1835—Collonia multistriata, Pease—Collonia
rubrilineata, Pease.—Testa minutissima, imperforata, de-
pressso-globosa, rosea sulcis tramsversis puniceis sculpta ;
anfractus 4, convexiusculi; apertura suborbiculari.—A very
minute species, with red transverse lines.—Has. Sandwich
Islands.

75, SUPRAGRANOSDS, pl. xiii. f. 158—Trochus supragranosus,
Smith, Linn. Soc. Journ. vol. xii. p.558, pl. xxx. f. 15.—Testa
depresso-globosa, solida, anguste perforata, sordide alba,
fusco radiata; spira depressiuscula; sutura impressa; an-
fractus 5, convexi, liris spiralibus (versus apicem granosis)
cincti; anfr. ultimus ventricosus, Jiris circiter 20, spiraliter
cingulatus ; apertura circularis, intus margaritacea, tenuiter
lirata; labrum crassum, margine acuto, album; columella
arcuata superne levissime reflexa.a—Has. Solomon Islands
(Brazier).

76. cicrr, pl. xiii. f. 159, Menke (Trochus); Philippi,
Conch. Cab. Trochus, pl. xxix. f.24 ; Krauss, Sudafrikanische
Mollusken, pl. 98.—Testa parvula, globoso-conoidea, sub-
perforata, solida, cingulis elevatis sculpta, alba, punctis rufis
in strigis longitudinalibus confluentibus picta; anfractus
convexi ; ultimus rotundatus; apertura orbicularis, columella

obliqua.—Has. Cape of Good Hope.

TURBO. 213

77. PILLULA, pl. xiii. f. 160, Dunker (Liotia), Malakoz.
Bl. vol. vi. p. 226—Cynisca japonica A. Ad.—Testa parva,
ovata, umbilicata, albida, strigis rubro-fuscis picta; spira
mediocriter elevata; sutura impressa; anfractus 5, convexi,
spiraliter lirati, liris numerosis, subgranulosis; apertura
subcireularis. Operculum extus valde convexum, albidum,
granulosum, centro profunde umbilicato.—Has. Japan.

78. costuLosus, pl. xiii. f. 161, Sowerby — costulatus,
Gould—letus, Montrouzier—Collonia leta, Adams and
Angas.—Testa parva, globosa, umbilicata, albida, vel luteola
rufo-maculata et radiata; spira depressiuscula, sutura vix
impressa ; anfractus spiraliter lirati, liris numerosis, alter-
natim minoribus; apertura subcircularis ; peristoma crassa.—
In sculpture much like the preceding, but of a more de-
pressed form. The names costulatus and letus being used
for other species, I am obliged to alter the construction of
Gould’s name.—Has. New Caledonia, New Hebrides, &c.

79. canpipus, pl. xiii. f. 162, Pease (Collonia).—Testa
minuta, umbilicata, depresse orbicularis, alba; anfractus 5,
convexi, spiraliter striati; apertura oblique ovata.—Has.
Polynesia. A minute white shell of depressed form.

80. muNbUs, pl. xiii. f. 163, H. Adams (Collonia), Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 206, pl. xxiii. f. 6. —Testa minima, profunde
umbilicata, suborbicularis, alba ; spira depressiuscula ; sutura
crenulata ; anfractus 4, superne leviter concavi, deinde lirati ;
anfr. ultimus biangulatus, spiraliter valide 5-costatus, ubi-
que subgranoso-striatus ; apertura obliqua; labrum crassum.
—Has. Persian Gulf.

81. CunNINGHAMI, pl. xiii, f. 170, Smzth (Collonia), Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 33, pl. iv. f. 10.—Testa parva, subglobosa,
imperforata, rosea; anfractus 4} convexi, spiraliter sub-
tilissime striati; sutura impressa; anfractus ultimus inferne
leviter complanatus; apertura oblique subcircularis, intus
iridescens; columella margaritacea. Operculum extus albidum,
complanatum.—A little dark rose-coloured shell, very finely
striated.—Has. Wolsey Anchorage, 17 fathoms, Patagonia
(Survey of H.M.S. ‘ Alert ’).

82. BACULA, pl. xiii. f. 173, Carpenter (Leptothyra).—
Testa parva, suborbicularis, imperforata, solidiuscula, nigro-
fusca; spira obtusa; sutura impressa; anfractus 5, convexi,

Z 2

214 TURBO.

spiraliter sulcati; apertura oblique ovata.—A little dark
brown shell with distinct spiral grooves.—Has. California.

83. MARMOREUS, pl. xiii. f. 171, Pease ?—Testa minuta,
ovata, imperforata, alba, pallide fusco-marmorata; spira
parva; anfractus convexo-declives; ultimus leviter elevatus,
infra medium obtuse angulatus; apertura oblique ovata.—
Has. Sandwich Islands? I find the species with the above
name in the British Museum, but I have not been able to
find the original description.

84, EXILIs, pl. xiii. f. 174, Philippr, Conch. Cab. p. 66,
pl. xv. f. 6.—Testa minuta, suborbicularis, umbilicata, pur-
purea, regione umbilici alba; anfractus convexi, spiraliter

sulcati ; sulcis minutissime crenatis, in anfr. ultimo cire. 12.
—Has. —?

85. pusio, pl. xii. f. 140, Anton, in Philippi, Conch. Cab.
p. 71, pl. xvi. f. 10.—Testa minima, globoso-conoidea, anguste
umbilicata, flavescente, fusco-maculata et punctata; anfr.
convexi, spiraliter striati; anfr. ultimus ventricosus, costa
latiuscula elevata crenata umbilicum cingente munitus ;
apertura subcircularis.

86. CALIFoRNICUS, pl. xii. f. 147, Troschel, in Berlin
Museum.—Testa parva, perforata, globoso-conoidea, solidis-
sima, alba, puniceo-variegata ; anfractus 4, convexi, spiraliter
confertissime striati; anfr. ultimus ventricosus, obsolete
costatus; apertura circularis; labrum crassum, intus dense
crenulatum.—A very solid species, white, variegated with
light red, very closely striated, interior densely crenulated.—
Has. California.

Section 12. Astraliwm, and Calcar.

87. HELIOTROPIUM, pl. xi. f. 128, Martyn (Trochus)—
Trochus solaris imperialis, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. p. 135—
Trochus imperialis, Reeve. — Testa abbreviato-conoidea,
ampliter umbilicata, purpureo-cinerea, ubique transversim
oblique squamoso-lirata ; anfractus circiter 6, superne convexi,
inferne leviter concavi, acutimarginati, ad marginem squamis
magnis planulatis radiati; basis convexiuscula, imbricato-
quadricostata ; apertura obliqua; labrum tenue. Operculum
ovale, extus leviter convexum, albidum vel flavescente, poli-
1m, costa spirali fere obsoleta munitum.—A fine bold

TURBO. 215

handsome species, so different from any other that it needs
little in the way of description, but may be recognised by a
glance at the accompanying figure.—Has. New Zealand.

88. LONGISPINA, pl. xi. f. 131, 132, Lamarck (Trochus),
Anim. sans Vert. vol. ix. p. 122—Trochus solaris India,
Chemnitz —Calear majus, Chemnitz —Trochus heliaceus,
Philippi—T. inermis, Gmelin—T. aster, Philippi—T.
armatus, Philippi.—Testa depresse conoidea, anguste pro-
funde umbilicata, aureo-ferruginea; anfractus circ. 6, su-
perne lvissime convexi, inferne concaviusculi, acutimar-
ginati, ubique rugis squamatis crenulatis promiscue sculpti,
ad marginem squamis subnumerosis (in anfr. ult. cire. 13)
planatis acutiusculis radiati; basis convexa, circulariter tri-
lirata, radiatim dense striato lamellata. Operculum ovale,
extus album, crassum, obsolete granosum, ad marginem
excavatum.—A very pretty species, of a flattish form, with
the margin ornamented with largish flattened scales; the
whole surface is irregularly crisply scaled.— Has. West
Indies.

89. costTuLATUS, pl. xi. f. 130, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert.
vol. ix. p. 127.—Testa sublate conica, obtecte umbilicata,
aureo-ferruginea aut fulvescens; anfractus convexo declives,
superne rugoso plicati, deinde obscure spiraliter costati,
oblique lamelloso striati, ad marginem squamis numerosis
breviusculis acutis planulatis radiati; basis convexa, radiatim
dense striati-lamellata, circulariter obscure quadrilirata.—
Nearly allied to longispina, but more conical, with umbilicus
closed, and marginal scales smaller and more numerous.—
Has. West Indies.

90. BREVISPINA, pl. xii. f. 138, Lamarck (Trochus)—auri-
pigmentum, Jonas—Uvanilla brevispina, Chemnitz—Calear
brevispina, Fischer.—Testa abbreviato-conoidea, imperforata,
lutea et virente, albo minute teniata; anfractus cire. 7,.
planato declives, spiraliter seriatim granulati, striis obliquis
plus minusve rugosis sculpti, acutimarginati, ad marginem
squamis brevibus planatis acutis radiati; basis levissime
convexa, radiatim dense lamellato-striata, circulariter obscure
lirata, callo centrali aureo-rufo; apertura obliqua, infra
angulata. Operculum ovale, extus albidum, unicostatum,
granoso-striatum.—More regularly conical than the last

216 TURBO.

species, with the marginal scales less numerous. The golden
or orange-red callosity is characteristic.—Has. Panama.

91. oricHaLcrts, pl. xii. f. 143, Koch (Trochus), Zeitsch.
f. Malakoz, 1848, page 110; Philippi, Conch. Cab. 360,
pl. xli. f. 2.— Testa depresso-conoidea, imperforata, apice
retusa, aureo-fulva; anfractus priores complanati, deinde
concavo declives, superne oblique costati, deinde spiraliter
aculeati, inferne acute marginati, ad marginem spinis nu-
merosis (in anfr. ult. circ. 18) aculeatis compressis radiati ;
basis convexa, circulariter 5-6-costata, radiatim dense
striato-lamellata.

92. LATISPINA, pl. xii. f. 137, Philippi (Trochus), Abbild.
et Beschr. Conch. vol. i. p. 92, pl. iiii—Trochus latispina,
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 40.—Testa abbreviato-conoidea,
obtecte-umbilicata, cinereo-fusea, czruleo-olivaceo et albo
lentiginosa; anfractus planato - declives, acutimarginati,
granis oblique productis seriatim aspersi, ad marginem
squamis brevibus acutis radiati; basis leviter convexa,
radiatim lamellato-striata, circulariter valide quinquelirata ;
apertura obliqua, angulata. Operculum ovale, extus album,
levigatum, arcuatim et late unicostatum.— Has. West
Indies, Rio Janeiro, &e.

93. STELLARIS, pl. xi. f. 126, @melin—Trochus stellaris,
Lamarck, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 47.—Testa late conoidea,
crassa, imperforata, spadicea; anfractus concavo-declives,
oblique corrugato lirati, ad marginem squamis magnis
subfimbriatis radiati; basis convexa, circulariter dense im-
bricato-lirata ; apertura rotunde ovata; columella crassa,
argentea. Operculum crassum, extus albidum, obsolete
granosum.—A shell of much more solid growth than 7.
longispina, costulatus, &c., with thicker marginal scales.—
Has. South Sea, New Caledonia, &e.

94, CuEmnirzil, pl. xi. f. 127, Valenciennes, ‘ Voy. de la
Venus,’ pl. ii. f. 1—Trochus asteriseus, Reeve, Conch. Icon.
sp. 44.—Testa conica, sub-elata, imperforata, albida aut
flavescente spadicea; anfractus planato-declives, oblique
leviter rugati, ad marginem squamis magnis fornicatis
radiati; basis levissime convexa, circulariter dense lirata, callo
centrali interdum roseo, interdum ceruleo munita; apertura
oblique ovata, peristoma simplex. Operculum oblongum, extus

TURBO. 2t7

valde convexum, ceruleo-tinctum.—A shell of regularly
conical form, with large arched scales at the margin, and a
rose or bluish green callosity adjoining the columella.—Has.
Port Essington, Australia.

95, ROTULARIS, pl. ix. f. 129, Lamarck—Trochus rotularis,
Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 48.—Testa late conoidea, crassa,
imperforata, spadicea, aut calcareo-alba, virescente pallide
tincta; anfractus concavo-declives, subcorrugati, ad mar-
ginem squamis numerosis radiatim compressis peculiariter
quadrato truncatis ornati; basis convexa, circulariter dense
imbricato-lirata ; apertura oblique ovata; columella crassa.
—A very remarkable and easily recognised species, chiefly
characterised by the peculiar squarely truncated character of
the marginal scales—Has. Australia.

96. FIMBRIATUS, pl. x. f. 123, Lamarck (Trochus)—Trochus
fimbriatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 49—pileolum, Reeve—
confragosus, Gould.—Testa subdepresse conoidea, imper-
forata, calcareo-alba; anfractus plano- vel concavo-declives,
obscure corrugato striati, ad marginem expanso fimbriati ;
basis leviter convexa, circulariter imbricato lirata. Operculum
ovale, extus album, valde convexum.—A depressly conical
white shell with a broadly frilled margin.—Has. Australia.

97. squamirerts, pl. x. f. 124, Koch, in Philippi, Abbild.
und Beschr. Conch. pl. iv. f. 9—Trochus fimbriatus var.,
Philippi.Testa late conoidea, imperforata, flavescente-
alba; anfractus superne convexi, inferne concaviusculi,
ubique obscure plicato-corrugati, spiraliter liris creberrimis
submuricatis sculpti, ad marginem planato fimbriati; basis
levissime convexa, circulariter squamato-lirata callo cen-
trali subexcavato. Operculum ovale, extus album, valde con-
vexum.—Allied to 7. fimbriatus, but distinct. The whorls
are more tumid, more regularly and closely sculptured, the
marginal frill is flatter and not so broadly expanded, and
the central callosity of the base is depressed almost into an
umbilicus.—Has. Australia.

98. sprnuLosvs, pl. xii. f. 136, Lamarck (Trochus), vol. ix.
p- 127—Trochus spinulosus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 55.—
Testa late conoidea, lutescente spadicea, imperforata; an-
fractus convexo-declives, oblique rude granoso-corrugati, ad
marginem muricato squamati; anfr. ultimus ad marginem

218 TURBO.

tuberculis spiniformibus erectis biseriatim armatus; basis
convexiuscula, dense squamato-lirata ; apertura parva ; peri-
stoma biangulata; columella effusa.—The shell has been
inadvertently figured with an operculum (probably of 7.
cidaris) which evidently does not belong to it. It was so
placed in the British Museum from the Cumingian collection,
hence the error.—Has. Philippines (Cuming).

99. acuLEatus, pl. x. f. 122, and xiii. 136, Gmelin
(Trochus), Syst. Nat. ed. xiii. p. 3600, no. 48—helicinus,
Gmelin—ealear, Linn.—asperatus, Lamarck—stella, La-
marck—Spenglerianus, Chemnitz ?—Testa subgloboso conoi-
dea, solidula, plus minusve depressa, imperforata, luteola ;
anfractus cire. 7, plerumque convexiusculi, interdum concavi,
oblique rugoso corrugati, ad marginem squamis plus minusve
ramosis radiati; basis convexa, costis 2 conspicuis muricato-
squamosis versus marginem cincta, deinde minute muricato
lirata ; apertura plerumque aureo tincta. Operculum ovale,
extus virescens, medio convexum, ad peripheriam attenuatum.
—A very variable species, with spined margin, spines some-
times sharp, sometimes ramose. The shell is sometimes
tumidly elevated, sometimes depressed; the mouth is generally
tinged with yellow.

Subsection Pachypoma.

100. caLatus, pl. ix. f. 99, Chemnitz (Trochus), Conch.
Cab. vol. v. p. 33, pl. clxiii—Testa obeso-conica, infra con-
vexa, imperforata, flavescente lactea, hic illic viridi varie-
gata; spira tumida, sutura impressa; anfractus circiter 7,
superne leviter concavi, oblique imbricato plicati, inferne
obtuse angulati, muricato-squamati; basis valide imbricato-
costata; apertura rotunde ovata, obliqua. Operculum ovale,
extus albidum, valde convexum, granosum.—A fine species,
approaching rather more nearly to the typical form of Turbo
than others of the group, the margin being not so pronounced
and angular, and the base more convex.—Has. West Indies.

101. AMERICANUS, pl. ix. f. 98, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3581 ;
Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. v. p. 33, pl. clxii.—plicato-
nodosus, Chemnitz.—Testa subpyramidali-conica, infra leviter
planata, imperforata, albida; anfractus circiter 8, declives,
leviter concavi, longitudinaliter corrugato-lirati, ad marginem

TURBO. 219

turgidi, rotundati; basis granoso-lirata, callo centrali albo ;
apertura oblique ovata; labrum crenulatum; columella
oblique arcuata. Operculum oblongum, extus album, con-
vexum, granosum, ad marginem attenuatum.—Distinguished
by the regular succession of wrinkled ridges and the turgidly
rounded margin of the whorls.—Has. Florida.

102. mpricatus, f. 97, 107, 115, 116, 133, Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. p. 3581—Trochus corolla, Reeve—Olfersi, T'roschel—
saxosus, Philippi—laciniatus ?—Testa conica, infra planata,
imperforata, albida, carneo- vel fusco-tincta; anfractus cir-
citer 8, superne convexiusculi, deinde plerumque leviter
concavi, inferne acutimarginati, costis validis angustis plus
minusve squamatis interdum medio interruptis infra mar-
ginem productis longitudinaliter ornati; basis rugoso-striata ;
apertura ovata; columella crassa, valde arcuata; labrum
crenulatum. Operculum ovale, extus album, valde con-
vexum, obsolete granulosum, ad peripheriam attenuatum.—
A conical species, with very prominent descending ribs over-
lapping the basal margin. Reeve’s Trochus corolla (pl. xii.
f. 133) is a variety of this species of more pyramidal form
than the type. Figs. 97 and 115, taken from shells in the
British Museum, I have more hesitation in including, the
whorls being more convex, and the base rather ventricose,
still they are probably only somewhat abnormal forms of
the same species. Fig. 116 represents Philippi’s 7. sawosus.
—Has. West Indies.

103. HZMATRAGUS, pl. ix. f. 102, 103, 106, 110, Menke—
var. rhodostoma, Lamarck—var. columeliaris, Philippi.—
Testa conica, albida, infra planata, imperforata; antractus
circiter 7, planato-declives, plicato-corrugati, ad marginem
spinoso-squamati ; basis circulariter dense imbricato-costata,
callo centrali purpureo-roseo. Operculum ovale extus valde
cohvexum, purpureum vel roseum, obscure malleatum, ob-
solete late unicostatum, ad peripheriam attenuatum.—A
variable species of conical form, more or less roughly ribbed,
spined or sealed at the margin, and characterised by a red
or purple callosity in the umbilical region, and an operculum
of the same colour. In f. 103 the marginal scales are blunt
and tubular, forming a single row overlapping the basal
angle. Fig. 102 represents T’rochus rhodostoma of Lamarck,
according to Reeve (Conch. Icon. sp. 32), in which the mar-
ginal scales are sharp and divided into two rows. Fig. 106 is

220 TURBO.

a neat form, very regularly conical, with more delicate and
regular sculpture, and two rows of small regular scales at the
margin. Fig. 110 is a young shell which has been mistaken
for T. aculeatus of Reeve.

104. TruBEROSUS, pl.ix.f. 104, Philippi (Trochus)—petrosus,
Martyn, Abbild. und Besch. Conch. vol. i. p. 62, pl. ii.—
Testa subobtuse conica, spadiceo-alba, infra leviter convexa,
imperforata ; anfr. circ. 6, convexo-declives, plicato-corru-
gati, inferne angulati, plerumque squamis brevibus aculeatis
biseriatim armati; basis circulariter squamato-lirati, callo
centrali albo, vel purpureo; apertura subcircularis, argentea ;
columella arcuata, ad basin uniplicata; labrum crenulatum.
Operculum extus album vel purpureo tinctum, obscure mal-
leatum, tumidum, ad peripheriam attenuatum.—Nearly allied
to T. hematragus, of which it may possibly be considered a
variety, but distinguished by its more obtuse form, and the
comparative smallness and closeness of the scales. Our
specimen has a white callosity, but in other respects it is
identical with the type, in which the callosity is reddish
purple as in 7. hematragus.

105. PAPILLATUS, pl. ix. f. 101, 109, Potiez and Michaud
(Trochus), Galér. des Moll. du Musée de Douai, t. i. p. 337,
pl. xxx. f. 10, 11.—Testa imperforata, conica, elevata, viridi
olivaceo obscure zonata; spira acuta; anfractus 7, sub-
planulati, medio parum excavati, tenerrime et oblique striati,
radiatim costulati; costis albis, obliquis, superne vix promi-
nentibus, ad margines tuberculosis ; anfr. ultimus carinatus,
tubercnlis marginalibus 14 munitus, inferne convexiusculus,
radiatim striatus, liris concentricis 5, subnodulosis approxi-
matis munitus; apertura transversa; columella arcuata,
inferne bituberculata; area umbilicali funiculo plicato mar-
ginata. Operculum extus album, granulosum, costa mediana
spirali munitum, umbilico excavato.—Has. Antilles.

106. PpaGopuLts, pl. ix. f. 100, Sowerby—Trochus aculea-
tus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 62.—Testa conica, imperforata,
aurantio-spadicea ; anfractus concavo-declives, oblique cor-
rugato-plicati, inferne acutangulati, ad angulum squamis
muricatis erectis armati; basis convexiuscula, circulariter
squamato-bilirata; apertura angulata.—A neat little conical
species of an orange colour, with the basal margin of the
whorls prickly-scaled. The name given to the species by

TURBO. 221

Reeve (aculeatus) was pre-occupied by Gmelin. See species

107. sTELLATUS, pl. ix. f. 113, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3600
—Trochus stellatus, Philippi, Mon. pl. xxi. f. 4; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. sp. 64—Calcar semicostatum, /vener.—Testa elato-
conica, albida, vel olivaceo-viridis, infra planata, imperforata ;
anfractus circ. 7, planato-declives, planato-corrugati, ad mar-
ginem squamato-tuberculati; basis circulariter dense confertim
squamato-striata, callo centrali pallide czruleo. Operculum
extus elevatum, obsolete granulatum, album, czruleo margi-
natum.—Of a more elevated pyramidal form than most of
the species of the group, longitudinally irregularly wrinkled,
and armed with numerous short scales at the basal margin.
—Has. Indian Ocean.

108. cuBants, pl. ix. f. 108, Philippi (Trochus), Zeitschr.
fir Malac. 1848, p. 104.—Testa conica, spadiceo-alba, infra
planata, imperforata; anfractus 7, planato-declives, superne
nodoso plicati, deinde obsolete corrugato striati, inferne
acutanguli, ad angulum squamis occlusis digitatis declivibus
radiati; basis sparsim granata, in regione umbilicali callosa ;
apertura angulata ; columella obliqua, argentea. Operculum
extus album, granulosum, costa arcuata utrinque canaliculata
munitum.—Has. West Indies and Central America.

109. BARBELIS, pl. ix. f. 105, Fischer, Journ. de Conch.
p- 205, 1874.—Testa imperforata, pallide lutescens, conica,
elevata, apice acuta, anfractus 7, vix convexi, radiatim et
oblique costati, costis distantibus, ad suturam prominentibus
nodulosisque, interstitiis levigatis; anfractus ultimus carin-
atus, ad marginem tuberculis 8 ornatus, infra planulatus,
levigatus, striis incrementi tenerrimis, obliquis munitus ;
regione umbilicali albo vel ceruleo marginata, unidentata ;
apertura angulata.—Has. — ?

110. LaPiLuus, pl. ix. f. 111, Reeve (Trochus), Conch. Icon.
sp. 65.—Testa obtuse conica, imperforata, fulvescens; ad
basin rufescente tincta; anfractus superne depressiusculi,
deinde tumido-rotundati, costis rudis irregulariter corrugatis
et tuberculatis ornati; anfr. ultimus inferne obtuse angulatus,
costis longitudinalibus ad angulum leviter recurvi; basis
convexa, circulariter confertissime squamata.—Described by
Reeve from a single specimen in the Cumingian collection,

3A

222 TURBO.

and I do not know of any others. It may possibly be the
young of some larger shell, but at present I have not been
able to identify it.

111. nuxagonvs, pl. ix. f. 114, Philippi, in Kuster, Conch.
Cab. p. 130, pl. xxii. f. 9.—Testa subobtuse conica, elata,
imperforata, albida, aureo-ferrugineo tincta; anfractus con-
cavo-declives, rude plicato-corrugati, et malleati, medio
tuberculis obtusis subdistantibus uniseriatim cincti; anfr.
ultimus inferne subacute angulatus ad angulum plicatus;
basis planiuscula, dense irregulariter squamata.—A shell of
pyramidal form, chiefly distinguished by the row of tubercles
being placed in or near the middle of the whorls instead of at
the margin as in most species of the group.—Has. Australia.

112. strivs, pl. ix. f. 112, Gould, Wilkes’ Exploring
Expedition, vol. xii. p. 173, Atlas, f. 203.—I have figured
this shell from a specimen in the British Museum, but the
species seems to me an unsatisfactory one, having so much the
appearance of a young shell.

113. Prevost, pl. xii. f. 134, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.—
Testa sublate conica, imperforata, viridula, fusco-tincta et
fasciata; anfractus circ. 6, subconvexo-declives, liris minu-
tissimis granulorum cincti, superne nodoso-plicati; anfr.
ultimus inferne subacute angulatus, ad angulum squamis
rugosis crassis subquadratis armatus ; basis imbricato-quadri-
lirata, in regione umbilicali albo callosa; apertura sub-
obliqua; columella arcuata, argentea.—A trochiform species,
in which the longitudinal ribs may be only faintly traced,
leaving nodules at the top of the whorls, and strong obtuse
square-looking scales at the margin, while the whorls are
encircled in the middle with two or three rows of minute
granules. The shell partakes of some of the characters of
T. imbricatus and T. hematragus, but wanting the con-
tinuous longitudinal ribs of the former and the coloured
basal callosity of the latter, while it is distinguished from
both by its shorter growth and the character of its marginal
scales before mentioned. The specimen bore the name of 7.
corolla in the collection of the late Dr. Prevost, butit is not the
corolla of Reeve, which I consider a variety of 7. imbricatus.

114. avrevs, pl. xii. f. 141, 142, Jonas, Zeitschr. fir
Malac. 1844, p. 168; Lteeve, Conch. Icon. (Trochus), sp. 58,

TURBO. 223

&c.—Testa obtuse conoidea, plus minusve depressa, interdum
aureo-fulva, interdum olivaceo-viridis, infra leviter convexa,
imperforata ; anfractus convexo-declives, superne plicato-
corrugati, deinde granulati; anfractus ultimus inferne obtuse
angulatus; basis levissime convexa seriatim granulata;
apertura obliqua. Operculum ovale, exalbidum, vix con-
vexum, obsolete granulatum.—A very distinct and easily
recognised little species, which might be taken at first sight
for one of the Gibbula group of Trochus.x—Has. Australia.

115. nenicus, pl. xii. f. 144, Watson, Moll. Challenger
Expedition, Linnean Society’s Journal, vol. xiv. p. 703.—A
beautiful and remarkable new species, elaborately described
by the Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.L.S., &. Not having
seen the shell, I do not venture to give a diagnosis, but the
accompanying figure will give a general idea of the species.
It partakes somewhat of the form and character of 7. hema-
tragus, but the sharp stellate keel is more like that of
T. latispina or auripigmentum, but differently placed.
The keel encircling the body whorl has about twelve sharp
hollow compressed spines, and below this there is a second
smaller keel, or sharp angle, to the base, with from thirty to
thirty-five vaulted scales, which towards the mouth become
spines; in the space between the two keels there are four
rows of fine beads.—Has. Matuka, Fiji, lat. 19° 10’ S., long.
179° 40’ E. 315 fathoms. Three specimens.

116. aippERosus, pl. x. f. 121, Chemnitz (Trochus), Conch.
Cab. vol. x. p. 287—ineequalis, Martyn—ochraceus, Philippi
—tentorium, Anton.—Testa late conica, imperforata; an-
fractus circiter 7, convexo-declives, oblique creberrime striati,
superne costis parvis rugosis subnumerosis plicati, medio
granulis parvis 3—4-seriatim cincti, ad angulum carina
obsolete squamata vel undulata instructi; basis complanata,
leviter convexa, valide circulariter crenato-lirata, callo cen-
trali depresso ; apertura angulata; columella obliqua. Oper-
culum oblongum percrassum, intus concavum, nigro-fuscum,
extus valide convexum, albidum ferrugineo-tinctum, versus
marginem impressum.—A very characteristic species, not
easily mistaken. Though by no means rare, the shell is
seldom found in good condition, usually being much eroded,
especially towards the apex. ‘The operculum is remarkably
thick and stony, and of a peculiar irregular oblong form.—
Has. Lower California.

224 TURBO.

Section 13. Cookia.

117. Cooxranus, pl. vii. f. 72, Chemnitz 1540, 1554
(Trochus)—suleatus, Martyn—Davisi, Hutton.—Testa tu-
mido-conoidea, imperforata, sordide fusca; anfractus 7,
rotundati, costis obliquis imbricato-squamosis, striis incre-
menti lamelliformibus dense oblique decussatis exsculpti ;
basis medio concava, versus marginem convexiuscula, dense
imbricato-lirata; apertura oblique ovata ; columella tenuiter
late expansa, concava, fulvo tincta. Operculum ovale, extus
album, fuseco tinctum, levigatum, costa latiuscula submar-
ginali munitum.—This species, from its form, has long been
considered a Trochus. It is the only species of Lesson’s
genus Cookia. Hutton’s 7. Davisi is a variety of this species
of a more pyramidal form than the type.

Section 14. Lithopoma.

118. ruBER, pl. xii. f. 148, Limneeus (Trochus), Syst. Nat.
p. 1230.—Testa conico-turbinata, imperforata, albida, fusco
et viridi maculata et variegata, lineis fuscis obliquis hic illic
interruptis penicillata; anfractus plus minusve angulati,
interdum oblique costati ; anfractus ultimus subventricosus,
plerumque nodoso biangulatus ; basis convexa, oblique leviter
striata, costis concentricis 4-5, fere obsoletis ; apertura
ovata. Operculum ovale, extus album, convexum, medio
arcuatim unicostatum ; costa prominente, granosa.—A shell
of stony substance, rather smooth, with the last whorl mostly
biangular, generally more or less noduled, sometimes obso-
letely ribbed at the upper part of the whorls, sometimes
smooth.—Has. West Indies.

Section 15. Pomaulaa.

119. unposus, pl. x. f. 120, Wood (Trochus), Index Test.
Supp. pl. v. f. 7—T. gigas, Anton.—Testa turbinato-conica,
imperforata, albida, epidermide fusca dense fibrosa induta ;
anfractus declives, superne concaviusculi, inferne leviter
concavi, oblique striati, costis brevibus obliquis, et nodulis
majusculis exsculpti, ad suturam carina undato-tuberculata
ornati. Anfr. ultimus infra medium conspicue undato-
carinatus; supra carinam leviter excavatus, infra planus

TURBO. 225

Basis complanata, tricostata, in regione umbilicali callo albido
bisuleato induta. Columella callosa, areuata. Apertura
obliqua. Operculum ovale, intus planum, olivaceum, vire-
scens, apice marginali; extus album, rugosum, valide tricos-
tatum, costis vix arcuatis, interstitiis profunde excavatis.—A
fine species, often uncoated and polished for ornamental
purposes.—Has. California.

120. saponicus, pl. x. f. 125, Dunker (Trochus), Abbild.
Conch. vol. i. pl. 5, f. 1.—Testa depresso-conica, imper-
forata, fulvo-spadicea ; anfractus cire. 8, declives, oblique
granoso-corrugati, et promiscue plicati, ad marginem carina
late squamosa irregulariter plicata et lobata ornati. Basis
dense creno-lirata. Columella callosa, acuata. Apertura
obliqua.—A very remarkable species of the same type as
the preceding, but with a very expanded, irregularly-waved
marginal keel.— Has. Japan.

121. Taytortanvs, pl. xiii. f. 169, Smith, Proc. Zool. Soe.
1880, pl. xlviii. f. 9.—Testa turbinato-conica, infra plana,
imperforata, purpureo-rosea, strigis obscurioribus perobliquis
indistincte notata, ad basin albida. Spira breviter conica,
marginibus rectiusculis. Anfractus circiter 8, declives, su-
perne levissime concavi, inferne convexiusculi, ad suturam
carina rugosa subsquamosa ornati, liris numerosis granulorum
subeequalium parvorum cincti. Anfr. ultimus infra medium
acute carinatus, supra carinam leviter excavatus, infra eam
planus. Basis albida, zona externa purpureo-rosea cincta,
seriebus concentricis granulorum ornata, in regione umbilicali
ceallo albo leevi flavo-marginato induta. Columella albo-callosa,
arcuata.—Although following Mr. Smith, I have placed this
remarkable species provisionally under the section Pomaulax.
In the absence of the operculum it is impossible to say to
which section it properly belongs. It is very unlike the two
preceding species, and its closely granulated surface reminds
one of the Ziziphinus section of Trochus.—The locality is
unknown. Specimen unique in the British Museum, late of
the Taylor collection.

Section 16. Uvanilla.

122. oxtvacrus, pl. xii. f. 145, Wood (Trochus), Index
Test. Supp. pl. v. f. 7—T. erythrophthalmus, Philippi.
Testa turgido-conoidea, olivacea, ferrugineo-rufo tincta et

226 TURBO.

flammulata, infra acutimarginata, imperforata; anfractus
circ. 7, superne convexi, inferne concavi, ad marginem plus
minusve laciniati, ubique costellis obliquis irregularibus
striisque decussatis sculpti; basis albida valde concava, bi-
lirata, liris granatis, callo centrali excavato, costa intense
sanguinea cincto. Operculum ovale, extus albidum, valide
bicostatum, medium excavatum, versus marginem tenuiter
liratum.—A fine obtusely conical shell, with a remarkably
concave base, and a deep blood-red umbilical rib.—-Has.
Panama, Mazatlan, Lower California.

123. Buscut, pl. x. f. 117, Philippi (Trochus), Abbild.
und Besch. Conch. vol. i. p. 90, pl. ii. f. 3-4.—Testa turgido-
conoidea, viridula, ferrugineo-rufo aut roseo tincta, infra
acutimarginata, imperforata ; anfractus circ. 6, superne con-
vexi, deinde concaviusculi, ubique costellis interruptis obliquis
sculpti; anfr. ultimus ad marginem squamis 12-15 brevibus
acutis latiusculis laciniatus; basis concava dense radiatim
lamellato-striata, medium versus circulariter trilirata, callo
centrali excavato. Operculum oblongum, extus album, poli-
tum, turgidum, infra medium sulca unica profunde excavata,
longitudinaliter divisum, ad peripheriam attenuatum.—A
very characteristic species, chiefly distinguished by the sharp-
keeled, laciniated margin, rather tumid whorls, and concave
base, with three keels round the umbilical depression.—Has.
Panama.

124, unauis, pl. x. f. 119, Wood, Index Test. Supp. pl. v.
f. 2.—Testa sublate conoidea, purpurascente spadicea, infra
acutimarginata, concava, imperforata ; anfractus cire. 6,
inferne convexi, deinde concaviusculi, ubique corrugato-
lirati, ad marginem squamis subnumerosis truncatis descen-
dentibus laciniati: basis dense minute imbricato-lirata, circa
umbilicum bicostata. Operculum ovale, extus albidum,
valide adunco-unicostatum, ad peripheriam carinatum.—An
easily recognised species. The vaulted scales overlapping the
margin of the whorls are of peculiar character, not sharply
pointed as in 7. Buschi, rather square or rounded.—Has.
Panama.

125. Urvitier, pl. x. f. 118, Kuster (Trochus), Conch.
Cab. p. 215, pl. xxxii. f. 4—T. fimbriatus var., Quoy et
Gaimard—T. tentoriformis, Jonas.—Testa conoidea, tenui-
cula, flavida, infra acutimarginata, imperforata; anfr. con-

TURBO. 227

cavo-declives, irregulariter granato-corrugati, ad marginem
tenuiter fimbriati; basis concavo-planata, subtiliter squamato-
lirata, liris 2 confertis circa umbilicum munita; columella
callosa, argentea.—A conical yellowish species with a thin
overlapping margin. JT. tentoriformis of Jonas is a variety
of more regularly conical form, in which the margin is not
frilled.—Has. Australia.

126. pieiTatus, pl. xii. f. 1385, Deshayes, Mag. de Zool.
1841, pl. xxxvi.—Trochus digitatus, Philippi.—Testa abbre-
viato-conoidea purpurascente alba, infra acutimarginata, im-
perforata ; anfractus cire. 7, superne convexi, medio leviter
concavi, utrinque costis obliquis rugosis, interdum interruptis,
super marginem productis ornati; basis leviter convexa, liris
subdistantibus crenulatis exsculpta. Operculum ovale, extus
albidum, costa elevata subangusta arcuata longitudinaliter
divisum, ad peripheriam carinatum.—Allied to 7. wnguis,
but distinguished by the ribs, which are of a rough squamate
character and compressed form, crossing the whorls and
extending below the margin, and also by the character of the
base, which is slightly convex, and rather distantly ridged.—
Has. Panama.

Section 17. Guildfordia.

127. TRIuMPHANS, f. 151, 152, Philippi, Funft. Jahr. des
Ver. f. Naturk. p. 8—Imperator Guildfordia, Gray—Trochus
Guildfordia, Reeve—Guildfordia triumphans, Adams.—Testa
depresso-conoidea, imperforata, pupureo-rufescens ; anfractus
convexo-declives; granis minutis dense cingulati; anfr. ul-
timus ad marginem spinis longissimis radiatus ; basis planato-
convexa, minute 4-serlatim granosa, in regione umbilicali
callo crasso induta; apertura parviuscula; labrum sinuatum.
Operculum ovale complanatum, extus albidum, costa fere
obsoleta arcuata.—This remarkable species needs little in
the way of description, as no one can fail to identify it at
a glance by its long marginal spines.—Has. Japan.

ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

128. moxuccensis, pl. xiv. f. 177, Philyppi, Mon. pl. xi.
f. 5.—Testa globoso-conoidea, anguste umbilicata, viridi et
rufo marmorata; anfractus 6, convexi, rotundati, costis

228 TURBO.

spiralibus parum elevatis inzequalibus, interstitiis angustis
divisis, obsolete crenulatis sculpti; apertura subcircularis ;
labrum viridi limbatum, obsolete crenulatum.—A species of
the Senectus group, only known to me from the figure in the
‘ Conchylien Cabinet.,.—Has. Amboyna.

129. Evonaris, Crosse (Collonia), ‘Journal de Conch.’
1865, p. 56 (no figure).

130. semicostatus, pl. xiv. f. 179, Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1860, p. 435.—Testa parva conico-ovata, imperforata, rufo-
fulva, fusco marmorata et variegata; anfr. rotundati oblique
striati, spiraliter costati; anfr. ultimus costis 4—5 parum
elevatis supra medium spiraliter cingulatus, deinde glaber,
infra medium zona lutea latiuscula ornata; apertura sub-
circularis, peristoma simplex; columella leviter arcuata ad
basin parum effusa.— Unless it proves to be a young shell,
this is the smallest species of the Senectus group. It is
distinguished by the last whorl being ribbed at the upper
part and smooth at the base.—Has. Island of Capul
(Cuming). Specimen in the British Museum.

131. @UADELOUPENSIS, pl. xiv. f. 8-9, Crosse (Astralium),
Journal de Conch. 1865, p. 36, pl. i. f. 10, 11.—Testa sub-
elato-conica, imperforata, solidiuscula, pallide rubro-aurantia,
albo et olivaceo rare maculata; sutura impressa, irregulari 5
anfractus 6, concavo-declives, plicis longitudinalibus, medio
subinterruptis (granulorum serie interveniente), demum
nodosis prominulis ornati; basis concaviuscula, costis 5
subgranosis cingulata, radiatim striata. Operculum crassum
subovatum, extus album, minute granulosum, axi perforato,
costa prominula circumdato.—Has. Guadeloupe.

132. Macannret, pl. xiv. f. 178, MWorch, ‘ American Journal
of Conchology,’ vol. iv. p. 46—Omphalius ccelatus, A. Adams,
Proce. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 39.—Testa suborbicularis, solida,
perforata, carnea; spira depressiuscula; sutura vix im-
pressa; anfractus 5, convexiusculi, spiraliter sulcati; anfr.
ultimus ad peripheriam obtuse angulatus; apertura rotunde
ovata; columella crassa. Operculum calcareum. — This
species was described by A. Adams as an Omphalius, but
having a calcareous operculum it is a Turbo; and as there
was previously a Turbo celatus, the specific as well as the
generic name had to be changed. Without the operculum

TURBO. _ 229

the species might be taken for an Omphalius or a Gibbula;
as it is, it must be placed in the Collonia section of
Turbo.—Has. Mogador.

133. Picorus (no figure), Pease (Collonia), ‘ American
Journal of Conchology,’ vol. iv. p. 91.—Testa parva, solidis-
sima, globosa, umbilicata, concentrice costata; spira vix
exserta ; anfr. supra angulatis ; apertura circularis ; columella
vix callosa, albida, superne rufo-castanea, longitudinaliter
strigata, infra maculata.—Diam. 3, alt. 3 mill. (Pease).—
Has. Paumotus (Polynesia).

134. @RANULOsUS (no figure), Pease, ‘ American Journal of
Conchology,’ vol. iv. p. 92.—Testa globosa, orbicularis, late
umbilicata; spira vix exserta; concentrice costata, costis
subgranulosis; interstitiis concavo-suleatis; apice obtusa;
albida, strigis rubro-fuscis radiatis picta, circum umbilicum
alba.—Diam. 5, alt. 3 mill. (Pease).—Has. Ponape (Poly-
nesia). A species of the Collonia group, allied to swpra-
granosus (Smith).

135. LENTICULUS (no figure), Gould, Proc. Boston Society
of Natural History, vol. viii. p. 21.—Not identified.

136. pavcicostatus, pl. xiii. f. 172, Dall (Leptothyra),
Report Moll. W. Coast N. America, 1863, p. 652.—Testa
parva, suborbicularis, imperforata, atro-purpurea, aut fusca ;
spira obtusa ; sutura impressa; anfractus 44, convexi; ulti-
mus superne et inferne sulcatus, deinde leevigatus.—A species
of the Collonia section, allied to 7. bacula, but grooved only
on the upper and lower part of the body whorl, otherwise
smooth.—Has. California.

137. SPLENDIDULUS, pl. xiv. f. 180 and 181, Sowerby,
Thes. Conch.—Testa ventricoso-conoidea, imperforata, au-
rantio-fusca, albo et fusco punctata et variegata; spira
parviuscula, acuta, gradata; sutura vix impressa ; anfractus
circ. 64, superne concavo planati, deinde ccnvexi, longi-
- tudinaliter oblique striati, spiraliter lirati; liris numerosis,
inzequalibus (in anfr. penult. circ. 15), prima (ad suturam
sita) prominula, leviter nodulosa, fusco alboque articulata,
quinta maxima angulum distinctum formante; basis con-
vexa, leevigata, subobsolete sulcata, maculis albis nigro-fusco
umbratis picta, in regione umbilicali callo albo et aurantio
induta; apertura subampla, circularis, fauce argentea.—

3B

230 TURBO.

A handsome new species (specimen unique), met with acci-
dentally without any information as to habitat. It is a
true Turbo, scarcely a Senectus, although spirally ribbed.
In form it is about intermediate between 7. Spenglertanus
and 7’. circularis. It has the shining character of the former ;
the whorls are surmounted by a concavely flattened ledge ;
the ribs are narrow and close, excepting on the base, which is
nearly smooth.

138. Smita, pl. xiv. f. 182, 183, Sowerby, Thes. Conch.—
Testa ovato-conica, imperforata, luteo-fusca, aut lutea, au-
rantio-fusco nebulata; spira elevata, acuta; anfractus 5,
superne declives, deinde convexi; longitudinaliter irregu-
lariter striati, spiraliter costati; costis rugosis, irregularibus,
parum elevatis, in anfr. penult. circ. 4, ult. cire. 125; aper-
tura circularis; peristoma simplex; columella alba.—This
species was confounded in the Cumingian collection with
7’. semicostatus, from which it is quite distinct, being of
somewhat larger size, and ribbed on the base as well as on
the upper part.—Has. Island of Capul (Cuming).

INDEX TO GENUS TURBO

aculeatus, Gm., 99, f. 122, 136.
aculeatus, Rve.=pagodulus.
americanus, Gm., 101, f. 98.
amussitatus, Gould, 66, f. 85,
92, 95.
argenteus, Ch._=argyrostomus
argyrostomus, Linn. 16, f. 10
and 12.
armatus, Phil. (Trochus)=
longispina.
armillatus, A. Ad., 69, f. 93.
artensis, Montr., 17, f. 6.
articulatus, Rve.=intercosta-
lis.
asperatus, Lk.=aculeatus.
assimilis, Kiener=fluctuosus.
aster, Phil. (Trochus)=longi-
spina.
asteriscus, Rve. (Trochus)=
Chemnitzi.
aurantius, Fisch., 37, f. 175.
aureus, Jonas, 114, f. 141, 142.
auripigmentum, Jon. = bre-
vispina
barbelis, Fisc., 109, f. 105.
bacula, Carp., 82, f. 173.
bicolor, Sowerby, 22, f. 33.
brevispina, Lk., 90, f. 188.
Buschi, Phil., 123, f. 117.
celatus, Ch., 100, f. 99.
Cailleti, Fisch., 39, f. 149.
calcar, Linn.=aculeatus.
californicus, Tros., 86, f. 147.
canaliculatus, 20, f. 30.

canaliculatus, Kiener=crassus

candidus, Pease, 79, f. 162.

carduus, Fischer = argyro-
stomus.

castaneus, Gm., 27, f. 19, 20,
21, 27, 55, 66, 76.

cepoides, Smith, 10, f. 65.

cernicus, Sowerby, 21, f. 29.

Chemnitzi, Val., 94, f. 127.

Chemnitzianus, Reeve = radi-
atus.

chrysostomus, L., 19, f. 8.

cicer, Menke, 76, f. 159.

cidaris, Gim., 41, f. 35 and 82.

circularis, Rve., 42, f. 37.

classiarius, Gray = sarmati-
cus,

coccineus, Muhlf. = sangui-
neus.

cochlus, Gmelin = marmora-
tus.

collumellaris, Ph.=hzmatra-
ous.

concinnus, Phil. = intercosta-
lis.

confragosus, Gld.=fimbriatus.

Cookianus, Ch., 117, f. 72.

corallinus, Reeve = sanguin-
eus.

corolla, Rve. (Trochus) =im-
bricatus.

coronatus, Gmelin, 48, f. 51-54

cornutus, Gm., 1, f. 1 and 78.

costulatus, Lk., 89, f. 130.

232

costulatus, Gould=costulosus.
costulosus, Sowb., 78, f. 161.
crassus, Wood, 26, f. 5.
creniferus, Kiener= coronatus,
crenulatus, Ch.=castaneus.
eubanus, Phil., 108, f. 108.
cumanensis, Val.=rugosus.
Cunninghami, Sm., 81, f.170.
Davisi, Hutton=Cooki var.
Delessertii, Kiener=cidaris.
digitatus, Desh., 126, f. 135.
disjunctus, Anton = intercos-
talis,
ducalis, Phil.=Lajonkairi.
echinatus, Gmel.=chrysosto-
mus.
elegans, Ph.=intercostalis.
elevatus, Soul., 70, f. 96.
erythrophthalmus, Ph.=oliva-
ceus.
eucharis, Orosse, 129.
exilis, Phil., 84, f. 174.
exquisitus, Angas, 29, f. 61.
ferrugineus, Ant., 35, f. 164.
filosus, Misch., 36, f. 167.
fimbriatus, Lk., 96, f. 128.
jiuctuatus, Rve.=fluctuosus.
fluctuosus, Wood, 54, f. 26,
36, 57, 80.
Fokkesi, Jonas=fluctuosus.
foliaceus, Phil., 14, f. 15.
Fricki, Crosse, 72, f. 155.
funiculatus, Ph.=fluctuosus.
gemmatus, [ve., 28, f. 56.
gibberosus, Ch,, 116, f. 121,
gigas, Anton=undosus,
glariosa, Gould=verruca.
granosus, Mart., 50, f. 70.
grandineus, Val, (genus Tro-
chus).
granulatus, Chemn., is a Tro-
chus.
granulosus, Pease, 134.
granulosus, Gm.=coronatus.
Gruneri, Ph.=circularis.
Guildfordia, Gray=trinmph-
ans.

guttata, A. Ad., 51, f. 68.

INDEX.

goadeloupensis, Crosse, 131,
f. 184.

gyrillus, Reeve, 57, f. 73.

hematragus, 103, f. 102, 103,
106, 110.

heliaceus, Phil. (Trochus)=
longispina.

helicinus, Gm.=aculeatus.

heliotropium, Mart., 87, f.
128.

Hempritchi, Trosch.=corona-
tus.

henicus, Watson, 115, f. 144.

heterochitus, Kiener=torqua-
tus.

hexagonus, Phil., 111, f. 114.

hippocastanum=castaneus.

histrio, Rve., 33, f. 79.

imbricatus, Gm., 102, f. 97,
107 15, oets3.

imperialis, Gim., 3, f. 31.

imperialis, Rve. (Trochus)=
heliotropium.

inequalis, Mart.=gibberosus.

indutus, Watson, 60, f. 168.

inermis, Gm. (Trochus) =
longispina.

intercostalis, Mke., 12, f. 9,
11, 14, 16.

japonicus, Dkr., 120, f. 125.

japonicus, A. Ad.=pillula.

japonicus, Reeve=cernicus.

japonicus, Reeve=cornutus.

Jourdani, Kiener, 8, f. 62 and
(iG

laciniatus, Gould=imbricatus

letus, Phil., 34, f. 165.

letus, Ad. and Ang.=costu-
losus,

leetus, Montr.==costulosus.

Lajonkairi, Desh., 18, f. 7.

Lamarckii, Ph. = argyrosto-
mus.

lamellosus, Brod.=torquatus.

laminiferus, Reeve=foliaceus

lapillus, Reeve, 110, f. 111.

latispina, Ph., 92, f. 187.

lenticularis, Gould, 136.

INDEX. 233

longispina, Lk., 88, f. 131, 132

lugubris, Kiener=mespilus.

lugubris, Keeve=coronatus.

Macandrei, Moérch, 132, f.
178.

maculosus, Pease, 71, f. 154.

magnificus, Jonas, 7, f. 59.

majus, Ch. (calcar) = longi-
spina.

margaritaceus, Li. = argyro-
stomus.

marginatus, Nutt., 65, f. 94.

marmoratus, Gim., 2, f. 4 and
34,

marmoreus, Pease, 83, f. 171.

mespilus, Gm., 47, f. 40, 41,
45

militaris, Reeve, 9, f. 64.
Mitzchii, Anton=saxosus.
modestus, Phil.=coronatus.
modestus, fve., 58, f. 150.
Moltkianus, Rve. = fluctuo-
sus.
moluccensis, Ph., 128, f. 177.
mundus, A. Ad., 80, f. 163.
multistriatus, Pse.=rubricinc-
tus.
murreus, Rve., 63, f. 84.
naninus, Sowv., 73, f. 156.
natalensis, Fve., 44, f. 44.
nicobaricus, Gmel., is a Tro-
chus.
niger, Gray, 52, f. 28.
nivosus, Reeve=spinosus.
nocturnus, Gld., 68, f. 90.
ochraceus, Phil.=gibberosus.
olearius, Gmelin=marmora-
tus.
Olfersi, Tros.=imbricatus.
olivaceus, Wood, 122, f. 145.
orichaiceus, Koch, 91, f. 143.
parvulus, Phil., 38, f. 153.
papillatus, Pot., 105, f. 101,
109.
paucicostatus, Dall., 136, f.
172.
petholatus, Linn., 4, f. 46-7.
petrosus, Mart.=tuberosus.

phasianellus, Desh. (genus
Trochus).

pictus, Pease, 133.

pillula, Dkr., 77, f. 160.

pileolum, Reeve=fimbriatus,

plicato-nodosus, Ch. = ameri-
canus.

porcatus, Rve., 45, f: 49 and
50.

porphyrites, Gm.=mespilus.
Prevosti, Sowb., 113, f. 134.
princeps, Ph.=argyrostomus.
propinquus, Hupé=elevatus.
pulcher, Reeve, 25, f. 38.
punctulatus, Martyn, is a
Trochus.
pusio, Anton, 85, f. 140.
pustulatus, Rve.=castaneus,
pyropus, Rve., 61, f. 87.
quadriseriatus, Anton, 40, f.
139.
quantilla, Gould=sanguineus
Quoyi, Kiener (genus Trochus)
radiatus, Gmelin, 13, f. 13.
radiatus, Reeve = intercosta-
lis.
Reevii, Phil., 5, £. 48.
Regenfussi, Desh. = imperia-

lis.

rhodostoma, Lk. = hematra-
gus.

roseopunctatus, Ang. = nani-
nus.

roseus, Phil.=verruca.

roseus, Ch.=sanguineus.

rotularis, Lk., 95, f. 129.

rubicundus, Ch. 49, f. 69.

rubra, A. Ad.=amussitatus.

rubricinctus, Migh., 74, £.157.

rubrilineatus, Pease=rubri-
cinctus.

rugosus, Linn., 56, f. 60.

sangarensis, Sch.=amussita-
tus.

sanguineus, Linn., 62, f. 146.

sanguineus, Reeve=verruca.

sarmaticus, Linn., 43, f. 43.

234

saxosus, Wood, 53, f. 24 and
25.

saxosus, Ph.=imbricatus.

semicostatus, Pse., 130, f. 179.

semicostatus, Kiener=stellatus

setosus, Gm., 11, f. 2.

Shandi, Hutton (genus Tro-
chus ?).

sirius, Gould, 112, f. 112.

smaragdus, 6, f. 58.

Smithi, Sowd., 138, f. 182, 183

solaris-imperialis, Ch.=helio-
tropium.

solaris-Indve (Trochus) =
longispina.

solidus, Hanley=fluctuosus.

sparverius, Gm., 25, f. 3 and

speciosus, Ive., 31, f. 74.

speciosus, Kiener=radiatus.

Spenglerianus ?, Chemnitz =
aculeatus.

Spenglerianus, Gim., 24, f. 39.

spinosus, Ch., 15, f. 17, 18,
O2, Gants

spinosus, Kiener=radiatus.

spinulosus, Lk., 98, f. 136.

splendidulus, Sowb., 137, f.
180, 181.

squamatus, A. Ad., 67, f. 88.

squamiger, Rve.=castaneus.

squamiferus, Koch, 97, f. 124.

stamineus, Martyn = torqua-
tus.

stella, Lk.=aculeatus.

INDEX.

stellaris, Gm., 93, f. 126.
stellatus, Gm., 107, f. 113.
sulcatus, Mart.=Cookianus.
supragranosus, Sm., 7, f.158
Taylorianus, Sm., 121, f. 169.
tentoriformis, Jonas = Urvillei.
tentorium, Anton=gibberosus
tessellatus, Kiener = fluctuo-
sus.
Ticaonicus, Reeve=intercos-
talis.
torquatus, Gm., 55, f. 22, 23.
transenna, Watson, 59, f. 166.
triumphans, Phil., 127, f. 152
trochoides, Rve., 30, f. 69.
tuber, Linn., 118, f. 148.
tuberculatus, Kiener = spin-
osus.
tuberculosus, Quoy=spinosus.
tuberosus, Ph., 104, f. 104,
tumidulus, Reeve=spinosus.
tursicus, Rve., 32, f. 75.
undosus, Wood, 119, f. 120.
undulatus, Mart., 46, f. 42.
unguis, Wood, 124, f. 119.
Urvillei, Kust., 125, f. 118.
variabilis, Reeve=Reevu.
variabilis, Pease (Collonia) ;
not identified.
variegatus, A. Ad.=nocturnus
venustus, Ph.=saxosus.
versicolor, Gm.=mespilus.
verruca, Gould, 64, f. 86.
virens, Anton=castaneus,.

SECOND
SUPPLEMENT TO MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

CONUS.

(SEQUEL TO P. 331, Vou. III.)

448. MELVILLI, Sowerby (f. 655).—C. testa abbreviato-
subcylindracea, solida, obtuse angulata, levi, antice crenu-
lato-sulcata, griseo-albida, cinnamomeo-fusco longitudinaliter
strigata, lineis fuscis undulatis transverse cincta; interstitiis
lineis curvatis longitudinalibus hic illic irregulariter divisis ;
spira parum elevata; sutura irregulariter impressa; anfractus
7, convexlusculi, prope leeves; apertura mediocriter lata, fauce
castanea. Long. 20, maj. lat. 11 mill.

A short, somewhat cylindrical species, with obscure but
characteristic markings, somewhat resembling those of (.
lucidus, on a smaller scale; the transverse brown lines are
more numerous, and the short longitudinal ones crossing the
interstices less so. The light-brown waved streaks almost
cover the shell, leaving small white patches between the
transverse lines.

This shell was picked up on the beach at Key West
(South Florida) in 1872, by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, and is at
present the only specimen known.

44.9. CONCATENATUS, Sowerby (f. 654).— Testa subfusiformi,
subtiliter granoso-lirata, postice acute angulata, antice atten-
uata, medio leviter contracta; albida, fusco irregulariter
grandi-maculata, liris transverse fusco eximie articulatis;
spira elata, conica; anfractus 11, leviter concayi, sub-acute
angulati, ultimus ad angulum tuberculis minutis parum
elevatis coronatus; apice acuto; apertura angusta, fusco
tincta. Long. 31, maj. lat. 14 mill.

4B

250 CONUS.

A very neatly marked shell, allied to C. mahogani, wimines,
tornatus, &c., but perfectly distinct. The type, at present
unique, is now in Mr. Melvill’s collection. It was found in
the collection of Sir Edward Belcher, labelled ‘ Panama,’ but
as the labels of that collection were many of them misplaced,
the habitat is uncertain.

A50. GRACILIS, Sowerby (f. 655).—C. testa elongata, fusca,
maculis albidis irregulariter aspersa, sulcis angustis subdis-
tantibus crenulatis cincta; spira elata, acuta, subgradata ;
apice papillari; anfractus 9, leviter concavi, spiraliter bisul-
cati, ultimus supra angulatus, basin versus multo attenuatus ;
apertura angusta. Long. 31, maj. diam. 10 mill.

A narrow elongated species, peculiarly produced at the
base ; of a darkish brown colour, with an irregular sprinkling
of whitish patches. The unique specimen is now in the col-
lection of Mr. Melvill, by whom it was purchased from the
collection of the late Dr. Prevost. This is not (as supposed
by Mr. Tryon) a variety of C. aculeiformis, differing very
materially from that species in sculpture, and style of
painting.

451. SUPERSCRIPTUS, Sowerby (f. 656).—C. testa breviter
oLlonga, solidiuscula, angulata, turgidula, levi, antice valide
sulcata, albida, caeruleo tincta, maculis grandibus fulvis irre-
gulariter ornata, fasciis numerosis angustis maculatis et quasi
literatis cincta; spira abbreviata, fulvo strigata; anfractus
concaviusculi, spiraliter sulcati; apice acuto, roseo ; apertura
subangusta, fauce purpureo-fusco tincta. Long. 27, lat. 14
mill.

The specimen is in the collection of the Marchioness
Paulucci in Florence. Its bluish tinge of colour, and delicate
letter-like markings are remarkable.

Has. Madagascar.

452. PauLuccrm, Sowerby (f. 658).—C. testa elongata,
solidula, obsolete striata, obtusissime angulata, antice atten-
uata, albida, aurantiaco late interruptim fasciata, fasciis
castaneo-fusco longitudinaliter strigatis, aliter lineis auran-
tiacis eximie trigono reticulata; spira pyramidali ; anfractus
planiusculi, leviter spiraliter sulcati; apertura angusta, alba.
Long. 60, maj. lat. 20 mill.

A beautiful species belonging to the Cylinder group,
somewhat resembling C. gloria-maris in form, and C. aureus

CONUS. 251

in colouring. The type is in the collection of the lady after
whom it is named. Several other specimens have been found,
but it is still extremely rare.

Has. Mauritius.

453. CARNALIS, Sowerby (f. 657).—C. testa oblonga, sub-
pyriformi, solida, obtuse angulata, obsolete striata, antice
leviter costata; pallide carnea, late pallide fuscescenti bifas-
clata; spira exserta, convexiuscula; anfractus 9, leeviusculi,
in medio depressi; sutura impressa; apertura mediocriter
lata, carneo tincta.

A pale pink smooth shell, very faintly banded with buff.
Specimen in the collection of Mr. Melvill, at present unique.
Locality unknown.

454. Bocx1, Sowerby (f. 659).—C. testa turbinata, pallide
lutea, luteo-fusco transversim multifasciata, et longitudinaliter
strigata, hic illic nigro-fusco radiata; spira breviuscula albida,
promiscue luteo strigata, ad apicem leviter prominente; an-
fractus leviter concayi, serie tuberculorum coronati, ultimus
supra angulatus, ad angulum tuberculis grandibus coronatus,
infra angulum levigatus, deinde leviter granoso-costatus ;
apertura alba, mediocriter lata; labrum leviter arcuatum,
columella contorta. Long. 60, lat. 32 mill.

Resembling the Chinese C. sulcatus in form, but a much
smoother shell, and more deeply coloured; the chief difference
however is in the crown; C. sulcatus being characterised by a
sharp undulating keel at the angle, forming a raised ridge
round the depressed whorls of the spire; while in C. Bocki
the crown is formed of slightly angular nodules, between
which the angle is rounded.

Has. Amboyna. Specimen in Mr. Melvill’s collection.

455. Baccatus, Sowerby (f. 660).—C. testa abbreviato-
turbinata, turgidula, minutissime decussata, conspicue seriatim
egranulata, albida, maculis aurantiacis grandibus trifasciata ;
spira parum elevata; anfractus concavi fere leves, ultimus
biangulatus. Long. 23, maj. lat. 15 mill.

An interesting little species, delicately painted, and cha-
racterised by rows of neat gem-like granules. The double
angle at the top of the body whorl is peculiar, but this may
possibly prove to be an accident, and not a specific character.

Has. unknown. Coll. Melvill.

252 CONUS.

456. REFLExuS, Sowerby (f. 661).—C. testa pyriformi,
antice seriatim granulata, postice levi, obtuse angulata, ad
angulum tuberculis minutissimis coronata; albida, roseo late
bifasciata, fasciis fusco nebulatis; spira subobtuse conica,
breviuscula ; anfractus concayi, spiraliter crebre sulcati ; apice
acuminato. Long. 25, lat. 15 mill.

Shell pear-shaped, anterior portion granulated, otherwise
smooth, very minutely coronated at the angle, whitish, with
two broad bands of rose colour clouded with brown ; spire
rather obtusely conical, rather short, whorls slightly concave,
closely spirally grooved.

Specimen unique in the Melvill collection.

457. MULTILINEATUS, Sowerby (f. 662).-—C. testa turbinata,
flavescenti-fusca, lineis fuscis punctatis multi-cingulata, zona
lutescente subcentrali balteata, antice paulo attenuata, valide
costata, postice levi, subacute angulata, ad angulum tuberculis
parviusculis coronata ; spira concavo-acuminata ; anfractus 2,
planato concavi, tuberculis parvis marginati, apertura albida.
Long. 40, lat. 20 mill.

A turbinated species of rather solid structure, yellowish-
brown colour, encircled with numerous fine brown dotted
lines, and a sub-central belt of pale yellow ; spire rather con-
cavely acuminated, crowned with smallish tubercles, which
are made conspicuous by intermediate brown blotches.

Has. unknown. Specimen unique in Mr. Melvill’s col-
lection.

458. THomast, Sowerby (f. 663).—C. testa elongata, solida,
albida vel pallide carnea, late pallide aurantio bifasciata,
antice leviter costata, deinde leviuscula, minute cancellata ;
spira obtusa, vix elevata, sutura impressa ; anfractus planius-
culi, spiraliter minutissime striati, ultimus supra angulatus,
infra angulum aliquanto convexus, deinde prope rectus ;
apertura modica, supra et infra subeequaliter lata, fauce pallide
carnea. Long. 75, lat. 35 mill.

Compared with OC. terebellum, to which this species is
allied, it is a smooth shell, with a shorter spire, and a more
decided angle. The species has been confounded with
Lamarck’s C. pastinaica ; that of Reeve presenting a somewhat
similar appearance is only a worn specimen of C. virgo.

The type is in the collection of M. Thomas at Brest.
Other specimens I have seen are smaller, and have rather
more of a bluish or faint lilac tinge of colour.

Has. Red Sea.

CONUS. 253

459. Prevost1, Sowerby (f. 664).—C. testa elongato-
cylindracea, albida, aurantio obscure fasciata, lineis numerosis
minutis aurantiacis irregulariter undulatis et angulatis scripta ;
spira elata, gradata; anfractus concayiusculi, striis duobus
spiraliter sculpti, ultimus supra obtuse angulatus, infra
angulum convexiusculus, levis, basi parum attenuatus, sul-
catus ; apertura mediocriter lata, basin versus aliquanto latior,
fauce lutea. Long. 40, lat. 10 mill.

In describing this species in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society I stated that one specimen was in the col-
lection of Dr. Prevost, and another in that of M. Thomas.
This was a mistake, both specimens belonging to the latter
collection. ‘They are, I believe, the only specimens known
of the species. It is a shell of very distinct and peculiar
character.

Has. unknown.

460. ARTICULATUS, Sowerby (f. 667).—C. testa sub-
pyriformi, polita, castanea, lineis nigrescentibus tenuissimis
spiralibus albo minutissime punctatis quasi articulatis, ad
angulum spiralem et infra medium fasciis duabus albis
concinne fusco maculatis ornata; spira acute conica; apice
roseo; anfractus concavo-declives, ultimus supra subacute
angulatus, basi attenuatus, distanter sulcatus ; apertura fusco-
purpurea. Long. 18, maj. lat. 10 mill.

The specimen figured is rather more contracted in the
middle than others I have seen. ‘The finely articulated lines
are sometimes almost hidden by the dark chestnut colour of
the surface.

Has. Mauritius.

461. TEGULATUS, Sowerby (f. 665).—C. testa elongato-tur-
binata, distanter et equaliter sulcata, inter sulcos planilirata,
super sulcos maculis nigro-fuscis linearibus longitudinaliter
flammulata, sulcis concentrice sculptis ; spira concavo-acumin-
ata, angulo acuto; anfractus spiraliter striati, et concentrice
cancellati. Long. 22, maj. lat. 10 mill.

The dark-brown spots, arranged in longitudinal flames,
and thickened in two spiral bands, give a tesselated appear-
ance to this pretty little sulcated shell.

Has. China Sea.

462. sEMISULCATUS, Sowerby (f. 666).—Testa angulata,
utrinque acuminata, fumeo-fuscata, laevigata, antice distanter
spiraliter suleata; spira concayo-acuminata; anfractus plano-

254 CONUS.

concavi, versus apicem moniliferi, deinde carina acuta margi-
nati; ultimus supra acute angulatus, infra angulum_ ali-
quanto convexus, basin versus acuminatim coarctatus. Long.
22, lat. 12 mill.

A little brown sharply-angular shell, rather distantly
grooved from the middle to the base, with the whorls beaded
near the apex.

463. PROPINQUUS, Smith (f. 668).—Testa obesa, brevi-
turbinata, supra medium bullata, antice angustata, spiraliter
tenuiter striata, versus terminum sulcata, pallidissime fusco-
subceerulea fulyo variegata et maculis niveis floccata, fulvo
maculata, linearam fuscarum baltea maculis nivosis interrupta
prope medium, et altera infra, prope terminum, fasciata ;
spira brevicula, obtuse angulata, ad angulum nodulis parvis
numerosis subrotundis interpunctatis coronata; apice acuto
rubro; apertura modica, supra et infra fere equaliter lata,
fauce violacea.

Allied to C. ceylanensis and C. nua, but generally of
larger size, and of a different style of painting, and it is
further distinguished by the fine sulci marking rather more
than half the shell. The marking is principally characterised
by neat brown linear bands and snowy flakes.

My father inadvertently named this species C. tenwisi-
catus in 1873, after having given the same name to another
species in 1870.

464. GEMMULATUS, Sowerby (f. 669).—-Testa parva, albida
vel pallidissime flavidula, utrinque subzequaliter acuminata,
costellis rotundis subrugosis lirata, interstitiis profundis,
striis tenuibus longitudinaliter sculpta; spira elata, valde
acuminata; anfractus 10, papillis rotundis regularibus gem-
muliformibus coronati; apertura angusta, labrum superne
profunde sinuatum.

A remarkable little species allied to C. acutangulus, with
a very produced spire, the whorls of which are beautifully
beaded with gem-like papillee.

Has. China Sea.

465. SUBMARGINATUS, Sowerby (f. 670).—Testa parva,
angusta, albida, nitida, antice attenuata, sulcis acutis nume-
rosis cincta; lateribus vix convexis; spira elevata, plano-
conica, subgradata; anfractus 8, declives, ad angulum lira
unica marginati; apertura mediocriter lata, labrum superne

CONUS. PAS ES

vix sinuatum, medium parum arcuatum, columella valde con-
torta.

A narrow white species, with the posterior closely grooved,
and a distinct keel at the angle of the whorls.

466. TENUISULCATUS, Sowerby (f. 671).—Testa parva,
turbinata, postice acute angulata, antice attenuata, tenuiter
distanter sulcata; albida, griseo fasciata, maculis castaneis
seu fulvis bifasciata; spira acuminata, vix gradata, flammis
castaneis radiata; anfractus 8, concavo-declives.

A species of simple form, whitish, rather sparingly blotched
with chestnut in bands, and characterised by rather distant
narrow spiral sulci from the middle to the base of the shell.

467. RARIMACULATUS, Sowerby (f. 672).—C. testa sub-
elongata, acute angulata, albida, hic illic castaneo maculata,
levigata, antice attenuata, sulcata; spira acuminata, gradata,
obscure cancellata, flammulis castaneis picta.

A sharply-angled whitish smooth shell, with very few
spots of chestnut, and flames of a darker chestnut on the spire.

Has. China Sea.

468. GRADATULUS, Weinkauff (f. 673).—C. testa elongata,
tenui, utrinque eleganter pyramidata, rosea, fammulis rubes-
centibus infra medium interruptis ornata, antice attenuata,
striata; spira producta, gradata, apice prominente, mamil-
lato; anfractus concavi, carina acuta marginati, obscurissime
striati, ultimus acute angulatus; apertura modica, fauce
rosea, labrum superne profunde sinuatum. Long. 47, lat. 20 m.

A delicately coloured species, with a remarkably turreted
and sharply-angled spire.

Has. Agulhas Bank, South Africa.

469. caNpIDUS, Kiener (f. 674).—C. testa elongato-turbi-
nata, subfusiformi, solidiuscula, levi, antice sulcata, alba,
zonis flavidis et maculis fuscis lineatim dispositis cincta,
flammis subaurantiis longitudinalibus picta; spira elevata,
gradata, flammis castaneis brevibus ornata; anfractus 10,
leviter concavi, carina subacuta marginati, ultimus subacute
angulatus, infra angulum levissime convexus; apertura
angusta, fauce pallide citrina, labrum postice profunde sin-
uatum. Long. 42, maj. lat. 19 mill.

This excellent species has for many years been unrecog-
nised by conchologists. Specimens having been found on

256 CONUS.

the coast of Florida, it was named by Gabb in 1868, C. flori-
danus, and two years later by my father, C. floridensis.
Most of the specimens I have seen are smaller, narrower, and
of lighter texture than the one figured.

470, FErGusoni, Sowerby (f. 675).—C. testa maxima,
ponderosa, alba, spiraliter leviter substriata, epidermide sor-
dide fusca crassa rugata induta; spira subplanulata, latis-
sima, vix elevata, apice paulo exserto ; anfractus ad spiram
depressi, ad suturam irregulariter undati, inter suturam et
angulum obscure unicostati, ultimus subobtuse angulatus,
infra angulum leviter convexus ; apertura modica, fauce alba,
labrum vix sinuatum.

A large white species, quite distinct from all its congeners.
Externally it is dull white, slightly roughened by spiral strize,
and longitudinal lines of growth ; ; the interior is shining white.
Several specimens have been collected at Panama by Mr. D.

W. Ferguson.

471. Maurzantanus, Weinkauff (f. 676-—7).—C. testa tur-
binata, solida, transversim lirata, liris simplicis vel granulosis,
distantibus, pallide lutea, interstitiis irarum profundioribus,
bifasciata, basis profunde violacea; spira obtuso-convexa, im-
maculata, anfractibus 9, planis vel subconvexis, leviter striatis,
apex tumidus 24 anfr.; apertura latiuscula, intus violacea vel
purpureo-nigricante, labrum acutum, intus luteo marginatum,
superne vix sinuatum. (H.C. Weinkauff.)

Allied to C. lividus, but of more obtuse form, transversely
ribbed, ribs mostly granulated, especially those towards the base.

Has. Tahiti.

472. Jicketu, Weinkauff (£. 678—-9).—C. testa oblongo-
turbinata, hemi conlan antice sulcata, albida, maculis nigris
elongatis et quadratis seriatim dispositis ornata ; spira sub-
plana, apice elevato; anfractus 9, planiusculi, submarginati,
spiraliter striati, maculati, ultimus obtuse angulatus, infra
angulum leviter convexus; apertura latiuscula, basim versus
paulo latior, fauce ceerulea, labrum maculis nigris marginatum,
superne leviter sinuatum. Long. 51, maj. lat. 25 mill.

Very much resembling C. proteus of the West Indies, but
having been found by Mr. Jickeli at Massana in the Red
Sea it is probably distinct. Weinkauff describes the species as
having fulvous spots, probably from a dead specimen, his figure,
which I haye copied, representing the spots black or nearly so.

CONUS. 257

473. SurorEanus, Weinkauff (f. 680-1).—C. testa parva,
elongata, laevigata, antice attenuata, profunde 6-sulcata, lutea,
zona pallida fasciata; spira elevata, acuta, ad apicem carnea,
sutura impressa ; anfractus 9, spiraliter striati, leviter coronati,
ultimus subobtuse angulatus, ad angulum maculis parvis
fuscis notatus, infra angulum leviter convexus; apertura
latiuscula, fauce pallide rosacea, columella contorta, labrum
superne valde sinuatum. Long. 18, lat. 19 mill.

Has. Mauritius.

474, PoHLIANUS, Sowerby (f. 682-3).—C. testa elongato-
subcylindrica, obscurissme striata, antice paulo attenuata,
sulcis obliquis circiter 7 confertis et 5 magis distantibus
insculpta, alba, zona flavida pallidissima inconspicua cincta ;
spira parum elevata, subgradata, versus apicem lzevissime
coronata, flavida; anfractus 9, subplanato declives, spiraliter
sulcati, sutura impressa, anfr. ultimus subobtuse angulatus,
supra angulum levissime concayus, infra angulum leviter
convexus; apertura latiuscula, basim versus paulo latior,
columella vix contorta, labrum acutum, superne valde sinu-
atum. Long. 50, maj. lat. 20 mill.

An elongated nearly cylindrical shell, white, with the
faintest possible tinge of yellow in a central zone and on the
apex ; compared with an albino variety of C. ochroleucus, it
is of more cylindrical form, and has not the columellar twist
characteristic of that species.

Has. New Ireland. (Capt. Pohl.)

475. poLitus, Weinkauff (f. 684).—C. testa elongato-sub-
cylindrica, glabra, polita, antice distanter late sulcata, flavida,
lineis anguste puncticulatis, numerosis, flavido-alboque
articulatis et fasciis tribus, albo-fuscoque articulatis cingulata ;
spira breviuscula, immaculata, sutura impressa, apice acuto ;
anfractus 10, convexi, leves, ultimus obtuse angulatus;
apertura lata, fauce plumbea, columella contorta, labrum
flavido marginatum, superne vix sinuatum. Long. 39, lat.
20 mill.

This appears to be a very good species allied to C. cinereus;
if is unknown to me, excepting from Weinkauff’s figure,
which I have copied. The specimen in A. B. Meyer’s collec-
tion was purchased of Bolten with the manuscript name
adopted by Weinkauff.

Has. unknown.

4 C

258 CONUS.

476. CROCEUS, Smith (f. 685).—C. testa angusta, elongato-
fusiformis, crocea ; spiree anfractus 10, planiuscul, liris spirali-
bus cincti, in anfr. inferioribus 3-4, superioribus 2 (ea ad
suturam maxima, in anfr. superioribus nodulosa) ; spira recte
conica ; anfr. ultimus marginibus fere planis, costis spiralibus
28-30, fortibus, subacutis, sensim basim versus tenuioribus,
munitus, et lirulis longitudinalibus numerosissimis interstitiis
concinne clathratus ; apertura linearis, angustissima. Long.
27 mill., diam. max. 9. (KH. A. Smith.)

A remarkably narrow, strongly ribbed, deep yellow
species. The interstices between the ribs are crossed by fine
ridges. The species is somewhat allied to C. vimineus.

Has. unknown.

A77. LiscHKEANUS, Weinkauff (f. 687-8).—C. testa tur-
binata, crassa, postice turgida, antice coarctata, sulphurea,
angulo basique nivea; spira brevicula, lata; anfractus 12,
lente accrescentes, non striati, sutura undulata, ultimus sub-
obtuse angulatus, supra angulum concavus, infra angulum
convexus, deinde leviter constrictus ; apertura angusta, fauce
lactea, labrum acutum, superne valde sinuatum. Long. 52,
lat. 32 mill.

Has. Japan. Specimen figured from Mr. Lébbecke’s
collection.

478. ANDAMANENSIS, Smith (f. 689).—C. testa sub-
cylindrica, antice subdistanter sulcata, carnea, nigro-fusco
irregulariter sparsim punctata et lineata; spira parum elevata,
concava, subgradata, fusco radiata; anfractus 10, planato
declives, striis 2-3 spiraliter sculpti, ultimus rotunde angu-
latus; apertura superne angusta, basim versus latiuscula,
fauce albida, columella leviter contorta, labrum acutum,
superne vix sinuatum. Long. 28, lat. 14 mill.

The species was originally described from a much smaller
specimen dredged at Port Blair, Andaman Islands, by Colonel
Wilmer, and presented by him to the British Museum. It
has a more elevated spire, and smaller spots. The specimen
figured is in the collection of Dr. Hungerford.

479. commopus, A. Adams (f. 690).—C. testa turbinata
utrinque acuminata, acute angulata, leeviuscula, antice sulcata,
flavidula; spira elevata, acutissima; anfractus 10, levius-
culi, sutura impressa, anguste canaliculata ; apertura angusta,

CONUS. 259

fauce alba, labrum acutum, superne valde sinuatum, columella
vix contorta. Long. 28, lat. 14 mill.

A plain sharply-angled species, with a very acutely ele-
vated spire. Specimen in Von Maltzan’s collection ; locality
unknown.

480. CUNEIFORMIS, Smith (f. 691).—C. testa turbinata,
subacute angulata, solida, albida, transversim minutissime
striata, et sulcis distantibus (basin versus confertioribus)
cincta; spira mediocriter elevata, regulariter conica, ad apicem
fuscescens, sutura impressa; anfractus 9, planato-declives,
spiraliter striati; apertura angusta, fauce violacea, columella
basi subplicata, labrum intus margine albidum, superne vix
sinuatum. Long. 25, lat. 14 mill.

A simple whitish angular shell with a violet interior.
It is more regularly conical than O. trochulus, and distinguished
by about two-thirds of the shell being spirally grooved. 'l'wo
specimens are in the British Museum.

Has. unknown.

481. Smrrxt, Angas (f. 692).—C. testa parva, late conoi-
dea, antice sulcata, postice turgidula, straminea, fusco obscure
nebulata, maculis castaneis distantibus trifasciatim dispositis,
et tenis angustis numerosis pallidis castaneo multi-maculatis
regulariter picta; spira parum elevata, gradata, ad apicem
prominula, apice papillari; anfractus concavi, obtuse carinati,
sutura impressa, ultimus subacute angulatus, supra angulum
concayus, infra levissime convexus ; apertura latiuscula, colu-
mella basi contorta, labrum superne vix sinuatum.,

A very prettily painted little species from Cape Solander,
Botany Bay, Australia.

482. MetTcaLFe!, Angas (f. 693).—C. testa subelongato
turbinata, postice angulata, antice attenuata, carnea, maculis
parvis fulvyis quadratis et elongatis (in zona media grandi-
oribus, cincta, ubique seriatim minute puncturata, antice cos-
tata; spira paulo exserta, ad apicem elevata; anfractus 7,
leviter concayi, spiraliter striati; ultimus subacute angulatus ;
apertura latiuscula, columella basi plicata, labrum superne
Vix sinuatum.

A small neatly-marked shell, belonging to the same group
as the foregoing, and also an Australian species, dredged by
Mr. Brazier at Port Jackson.

260 CONUS.

483, SYDNEYENSIS, Sowerby (f. 694).—C. testa turbinata,
tenuiuscula leevigata, postice acute angulata, antice attenuata,
profunde sulcata, albida, maculis pallide aurantio-fuscis quad-
ratis oblongis et rotundatis seriatim dispositis In zona cen-
trali longitudinaliter elongatis et hic illic oblique decussatis
picta ; spira parum elevata, leviter concava, aurantio-fusco
radiata, apice papillari ; anfractus planato declives, spiraliter
sulcati ; apertura angusta, fauce pallide fusca, columella basi
contorta, labrum acutum, superne vix sinuatum. Long. 24,
lat. 12 mill.

A rather delicately coloured species, the light orange-
brown markings forming crosses in the central zone, and ar-
ranged above and below in transverse rows.

Has. Port Jackson (Brazier).

A84, VAYSSETIANUS, Crosse (f. 695).—C. testa elongato-
turbinata tenuiuscula, liris obsolete pertusis numerosis trans-
versim cincta, pallidecastanea, albo late maculata ; spira parum
elevata, apice leviter obtuso ; sutura impressa; anfractus 8,
vix gradati, serie tuberculorum coronati, ultimus obtuse angu-
latus, ad angulum tuberculis circ. 15 minutis coronatus ; aper-
tura modica, fauce livide castanea, columella basi contorta,
labrum acutum, superne vix sinuatum. Long. 14, diam. 7
mill.

Has. New Caledonia.

485. sucunpus, Sowerby (f. 696-7).—C. testa subpyri-
formi, crassa, nitida, liris transversis subdistantibus vix con-
spicuis infra medium sculpta, pallide rosacea, maculis grandi-
bus fuscis irregularibus supra medium ornata, zona lata parum
interrupta ejusdem coloris infra medium cincta; spira bre-
viter conica, aurantio strigata, ad apicem rosea, apice obtuso ;
anfractus 8, serie tuberculorum coronati, ultimus superne sub-
acute angulatus, ad angulum obsolete coronatus, supra angu-
lum concavus, infra leviter convexus, basin versus attenuatus ;
apertura angusta, rosacea, columella basi plicata, labrum su-
perne vix sinuatum. Long. 35, maj. lat. 20 mill.

A very attractive species, of which the only specimen at
present known is in the collection of Mr. James J. Mac-
Andrew. Its colour is pink, ornamented with bold dashes of
brown, and a broad belt of the same colour below the middle
of the body of the whorl.

Has. unknown.

CONUS. 261

486. LAMBERTI, Souverbie (f. 698).—C. testa elongata,
cylindraceo-conica, longitudinaliter tenuissime striata, antice
oblique subimpresso-striata, aurantiaca, maculis albis inaequa-
libus plerumque triangularibus seepe grandibus et altioribus
quam latioribus in series tres fasciatim dispositis ornata ;
spira depresso-conica, canaliculata, sutura impressa ; anfractus
12, concavo declives, spiraliter unistriati, priores (5-6) tuber-
culis minutis coronati, ultimus superne rotunde angulatus,
basin versus mediocriter attenuatus ; apertura latiuscula, colu-
mella basi contorta, labrum acutiusculum superne vix sinu-
atum. Long. 107, lat. 53 mill.

This magnificent shell is nearly allied to C. crocatus, and
judging only from the description and figures in the ‘ Journal
de Conchologie,’ I am unable to say with certainty that it
is not a very well grown specimen of that species. The only
specimen known was discovered by Mr. R. P. Lambert at
Ouvea, Loyalty Islands, Caledonian Archipelago.

487. inconsTans, Smith (f. 700).—C. testa turbinata,
superne subacute angulata, transversim exiliter lirata, livido-
fuscescenti-rosea, medio fascia alba maculis fuscis interrupta
et lineis albis fusco notatis ad basim cincta; spira turrita,
breviuscula, alba, apice rosaceo et maculis numerosis fuscis
radiantibus picta; anfr. 84 primi 4 convexi, ceteri leviter
exserti, supra levissime excavati, spiraliter exiliter striati,
sutura ineequali divisi; apertura angusta; labrum superne vix
incisum. Long. 22, lat. 124 mill.

488. LOEBBECKEANUS, Weinkauff (f. 701).—C. testa ob-
longo turbinata, glabra, splendida, ad basim anguste-lirata,
liris subgranulosis ; luteo-alba, zonis duabus ferruginosis et
lineis fuscis—in zonis albis articulatis, in zonis ferruginosis
integris—maculis longitudinalibus sparsis, fuscis ornata.
Angulus distinctus. Spira late conica, fusco alboque varie-
gata, anfractibus 11 planis, marginatis, striatis; apex
punctiformis, lacteus. Apertura latiuscula, intus lactea ;
labrum acutum, intus punctis fuscis sparsis submarginatum,
superne et inferne sinuatum. Long. 52, lat. 28 mill.
(Weinkauff.)

This species seems to be allied to C. splendidulus.

Has. unknown.

489. DusaveLui, H. Adams (f. 712).—C. testa convexo-
conica, elongata, polita, antice distanter puncto-lirata, roseo-

262 CONUS.

lutea, fasciis tribus ex striis longitudinalibus et maculis rufis
formatis ornata, seriebus numerosis macularum candidarum
purpureo-lividarum alternatim cincta; spira acuminata,
conica, apice mucronato, sutura distincta, sparsim subcana-
liculata, longitudinaliter rufo strigata ; anfractus 103 superne
angulati, ad apicem nodulosi, ultimus obtuse angulatus,
leviter ventricosus; apertura modica, basim versus latior,
labrum acutum, superne sinuatum. Long. 50, lat. 20 mill.

An exceedingly beautiful species, of which the only
specimen at present known is in the collection of Mr. Melvill.
Tt was found in the stomach of a fish at Mauritius, and de-
scribed by Mr. H. Adamsin 1872 under the name of Leptocomus
Dusavelli.

490. FULVo-cINCTUS, Crosse (f. 713).—C. testa cylin-
draceo-conica, crassa, liris transversis subdistantibus parum
conspicuis infra medium sculpta, striis incrementi longitudi-
ualiter impressa, albida, zona lata pallide fulva interrupta
parum conspicua, paulo supra medium anfr. ultimi cincta ;
spira breviter conica; sutura impressa, vix irregularis ; anfr.
10, planiusculi, lente accrescentes, liris tenuibus spiraliter
impressi, ultimus obtuse angulatus, basi attenuatus ; apertura
elongata angusta, basi paulo latior, fauce candida, columella
basi incrassata, labrum sub-acutum basin versus obsolete
plicato-crenatum ad suturam sinuatum. Long. 75, lat. 14
mill.

The figure is copied from the ‘Journal de Conchologie,’
in which the spire is a little on one side, which may be a
distortion or a fault in the drawing. It is a plain-looking
shell, but apparently quite distinct. The specimen is from
the West African coast, and is now in the collection of Mr.
B. Thomas.

A491. Mazet, Deshayes (f.'714:).—C. testa conica, elongato-
angusta, gracili, posterius paulo turgidula, antice attenuata,
striis puncticulatis distantibus obliquis ornata, alba subtrans-
lucida, nitente, maculis castaneis regularibus transversim
serialiter dispositis; spira elongata, regulariter conico-con-
caviuscula, apice acuminato; anfractus 12, plano-concaviusculi,
spiraliter striato-subgranulati, striis minutissimis clathrati ;
ultimus subrotunde angulatus ; apertura longissima, angusta,
labrum acutum, pertenue paulo arcuatum, superne late
sinuatum. Long. 58, lat. 16 mill.

CONUS. 263

A very gracefully formed shell, slender and _ tapering,
neatly painted with rows of chestnut spots. The only speci-
men known is in the collection of the Jardin des Plantes in
Paris.

Has. Coast of Martinique, West Indies.

492. BLANFORDIANUS, Crosse (f. 716).—C. testa ovato-
pyriformis, subinflata, parum crassa, alba, nigro-fusco sub-
regulariter seriatim maculata; spira brevissima, ad apicem
leviter prominente ; sutura impressa; anfr. 10, spiraliter
sulcati, flammis nigro-fuscis radiati, ultimus superne ob-
tusissime angulatus, infra angulum convexus, basin versus
parum attenuatus, sulcis angustis distantibus spiraliter im-
pressus; apertura latiuscula, basim versus latior, fauce alba,

labrum acutiusculum, ad limbum fusco notatum. Long. 36,
lat. 19 mill.

493. Jutu, Inénard (f. 717).—C. testa ovato-oblonga,
solida, leviuscula, transversim inconspicue striata, albida,
roseo tincta et nebulata, longitudinaliter pallide rufo-fusco,
strigata, strigis angustis, in zonis duobus latioribus et magis
vividis; spira brevissima; anfr. 8, planiusculi, spiraliter
tenuissime striati, ultimus superne obtuse angulatus, infra
angulum leviter ventricosus, basin versus leviter attenuatus ;
apertura superne angusta, inferne leviter dilatata, fauce rosacea,
columella basi plicata, labrum acutum, superne vix sinuatum.
Long. 35, lat. 19 mill.

Has. Mauritius.

494, CONSANGUINEUS, Smith (f. 718).—C. testa turbinata,
solida, alba, dilute fusco zonata, epidermide crassa dense
lamellosa induta; spira breviter conica, ad apicem pallide
rosea; anfractus circiter 10, declives, sutura irregulari dis-
creti; anfr. ultimus superne rotunde angulatus, deinde leviter
convexus, in medio levissime constrictus, transversim undu-
latim striatus, basin versus sulcis numerosis obliquis sculpta ;
apertura modica, alba, labrum tenue, superne et inferne arcu-
atum, in medio leviter constrictum, sinus subsuturalis latus
profundus. Long. 88, lat. 49 mill.

Has. ? Specimen in the British Museum.

495, TRAVERSIANUS, Smith (f. 719).—C. testa elongato-
cylindracea, sulcis transversis aliquanto distantibus postice
obsoletis antice profundioribus et confertioribus insculpta,

264 CONUS.

dilute rosacea, fasciis duabus obscuris aurantio-rufis cincta, et
inter sulcos lineis rufoque articulatis ornata; spira concayvo-
conica, breviuscula; anfractus 10, leviter concavi, spiraliter
lirati, sutura impressa; anfr. ultimus superne angulatus,
deinde fere rectus; apertura angusta ad basim leviter dila-
tata; fauce rosacea, columella basi contorto-plicata, labrum
acutiusculum, superne vix sinuatum. Long. 43, lat. 17 mill.

This species is well distinguished by its narrow form in
conjunction with its style of coloration. The two orange-red
bands are interrupted here and there, and the red dots which
together with the white ones form the articulated transverse
lines are very small. The only specimen known is in the
collection of Mr. Melvill. Locality unknown.

496. ALTISPIRATUS, Sowerby (f. 720).—C. testa elongata,
utrinque acuminata, tenuiuscula, lactea, antice valide sulcata ;
spira perelevata, leviter convexa, vix angulata, ad apicem
mucronata, rosea; anfractus 10, convexi, ‘obsolete coronati ;
apertura angusta, columella basi contorta, labrum acutum,
superne late sinuatum.

A white shell of very distinct form, from Agulhas Bank,
S. Africa.

497. LATERCULATUS, Sowerby (f. 721).—C. testa elongato-
subcylindracea, dilute flavida, fusco maculata, liris complana-
tis duplicatis maculis quadratis ornatis cincta, et maculis
magnis latis trifasciata, snlcis intermediis albis; spira acu-
minata, fusco-radiata; anfractus concavi, spiraliter striati,
minute cancellati, lira acuta regulariter minute punctata
marginati, ultimus superne subacute angulatus, deinde con-
vexiusculus, basin versus attenuatus; apertura angustissima,
columella basi plicata, labrum subacutum fusco maculatum,
superne parum sinuatum.

Beautifully tesselated with square regular brown spots,
and sculptured with white grooves between duplicate ridges.
Allied to C. australis, but quite distinct. Several specimens
were dredged by Capt. Denicke in the China Sea. The type
is now in the British Museum.

498. WiILMERI, Sowerby (f. 722).—C. testa fusiformis,
utrinque acuminata, dilute flavida, antice attenuata, leviter
contorta, undique costata, costis numerosis elevatis rotundatis,
interstitiis transversim striatis ; spira turrita, elata; anfr. 11,

CONUS.

bo

265

planato-declives, spiraliter trisulcati, juxta suturam unilirati,
ad angulum acuticarinati; apertura angustissima, columella
basi plicata, labrum crenulatum, superne leviter sinuatum.
Long. 21, lat. 8 mill.

Has. Port Blair, Andaman Islands (Col. Wilmer).

499. PLANILIRATUS, Sowerby (f. 723).—C. testa elongato-
turbinata, sulcis angustis subdistantibus haud profundis,
basin versus profundioribus transversim cincta, dilute flavida,
fusco maculata, maculis oblongo-quadratis et macularam un-
datarum fasciis tribus cincta; spira concayo conica, prope
apicem acuminata, flammis fascis radiata ; anfractus 10,
spiraliter striati, minutissime cancellati ; ultimus acute angu-
latus, supra angulum concavus, infra angulum leviter con-
vexus; apertura modica, supra et infra equaliter lata,
columella basi contorta et plicata, labrum subacutum, superne
late sinuatum, inferne crenulatum.

A very characteristic species, of which several specimens
were dredged by Captain Denicke in the China Sea.

500. CUNEATUS, Sowerby (f. 724).—C. testa solida, late
turbinata, angulata, prope terminum anticum angustata,
sulcata, leevigata, albida, fulvo pallidissime bifasciata, infra
medium fascia alba maculis quadratis perpaucis cincta ; spira
subelevata, acuminata, angulata; anfractus concavi, spiraliter
tenuissime striati, maculis castaneis raris ornati; apertura
modica, fauce pallidissime violacea, columella vix plicata,
labrum acutum, superne leviter sinuatum.

This broadly-angular shell, although of simple character,
does not seem to suggest comparison with any other known
species. Locality unknown.

501. PSEUDOMARMOREUS, Crosse (f. 725).—C. testa turbi-
nata, crassa, transversim lirata, violaceo nigricans, maculis
cordiformibus ineequalibus numerosis albis aut albido-roseis
maculis coni marmorei similibus conspersa; spira conica,
elatiuscula, sutura subirregulariter impressa; anfractus 8,
planiuscul, primi subleevigati, albidi, sequentes spiraliter
lirati, ultimus subrotunde angulatus, convexiuseulus ; ; aper-
tura ‘mediocriter lata, fauce rosacea; columella braviuscula,
contorta, turgidula, roseo-albida ; labrum leviter arcuatum
pallide fulvido lutescens, violaceo-nigro guttatum. Long. 50,
lat. 29 mill. Specimen i in the Paris Museum.

Has. ?

4D

266 CONUS.

502. Brazieri, Sowerby (f. 726).—C. testa elongato-sub-
cylindrica, undique transversim subtilissime striata, palli-
dissime rosacea, fulvo late trifasciata, maculis minutis hic
illic majoribus nigris sparsissime conspersa; spira conica,
mediocriter elevata, gradata, apice acuto; anfractus 10, con-
caviusculi, carina obtusa seriatim nigro maculata marginati ;
ultimus obtuse angulatus, ad angulum maculis nigris gran-
diusculis subdistantibus ornatus, lateribus convexiusculus ;
apertura mediocriter lata, infra medium latior, columella
basi valide contorta, turgido subumbilicata, labrum acutum,
superne parum sinuatum, inferne arcuatum. Long. 75, lat.
o2 mill.

A handsome species, of which two specimens were received
by Mr. John Brazier from the Solomon Islands. The type
is now in Mr. Melvill’s collection ; the other specimen, which
I have not seen, remains at Sydney in Mr. Brazier’s collec-
tion. The body of the shell is delicately coloured, and very
sparingly spotted, but the spire is very boldly marked and

handsome.

503. surFusus, Sowerby (f. 727).—C. testa turbinata,
solida, pallide carnea, roseo pallide suffusa et obscure fasciata,
liris numerosis subobsoletis transversim cincta; spira lata,
breyi; anfractus 9, planiusculi, obtuse coronati; ultimus
obtuse angulatus, ad angulum tuberculis obtusis coronatus ;
apertura modica, versus basin paulo latior, fauce pallide
rosacea, columeila basi leviter contorta, vix plicata, labrum
superne mediocriter sinuatum. Long. 55, lat. 30 mill.

Crosse described in the ‘ Journal de Conchologie,’ 1872,
p. 155, var. B Noumeensis, of a uniform pale flesh tint
without bands; the specimen is covered with a light fulvous
epidermis.

Has. New Caledonia.

504. COoRRUGATUS, Sowerby (f. 728).—C. testa parva,
acuminata, liris duplicatis subrugosis granulatis et interstitiis
minutissime sculptis cincta, albida, pallide griseo fasciata,
fusco strigata et punctata; spira elata, acuminata, fusco
radiata ; anfractus cancellati, acute angulati.

A more slender and much more finely sculptured shell
than CO. verrucosus, with the edges of the whorls neatly spotted
with brown.

Has. unknown.

CONUS. 267

505. Evetina, Sowerby (f. 729).—C. testa elongato-tur-
binata, fulva, fusco-strigata, zona pallida infra medium cincta ;
spira elatiuscula, regulariter conica, apice prominente, papil-
lari ; anfractus planato-declives, serie tuberculorum marginati,
spiraliter 4—striati, ultimus superne subacute angulatus,
infra angulum levissime convexus, basin versus attenuatus
sulcatus ; apertura angusta basin versus paulo latior, fauce
albida. Long. 28, lat. 14 mill.

Specimen in the collection of Mr. Melvill.

Has. unknown.

506. piaNTHUS, Sowerby (f. 730).—C. testa elongato-tur-
binata, pallidissime rosacea, maculis grandibus irregularibus
aurantiis sparsim picta, liris transversis subdistantibus leviter
corrugatis cincta, striis longitudinalibus tenuissimis undulatis
sculpta; spira parum elevata, vix concava; anfractus 10,
planato declives, prope suturam levissime undulati, ultimus
obtuse angulatus, ad angulum obscurissime coronatus, supra
angulum leviter concavus, infra convexiusculus, basin versus
parum attenuatus; apertura modica, infra medium paulo
latior, fauce rosacea, columella basi contorta, turgidula, sub-
umbilicata, labrum acutum superne vix sinuatum. Long. 28,
lat. 13 mill.

A very pretty delicate pink species with a few large
irregular orange blotches. The fine undulating striz in
crossing the transverse ribs form minute scales. The only
specimen known is in Mr. Melvill’s collection.

Has. unknown.

507. SEMIVELATUS, Sowerby (f. 731).—C. testa pyriformi,
ceeruleo-purpurea, postice albida ; spira breviuscula, convexa;
anfractus leviter convexi, leeviusculi, ultimus vix angulatus,
rotundatus, ventricosus, basi multo attenuatus; apertura
angusta, fauce purpurea, columella basi plicata, contorta,
subumbilicata, labrum acutum, superne arcuatum, haud sinu-
atum. Long. 16, lat. 10 mill.

A remarkable little pyriform species, of very unusual
colour. ‘The whole of the spire, and the top of the last whorl
is white, and the rest of the shell of a uniform plum-colour.
Specimen in Mr. Melvill’s collection.

Has. Red Sea.

508. PRYTANIS, Sowerby (f. 732).—C. testa subpyriformi,
pallide fusca, longitudinaliter fusco strigata, zona pallida

268 CONUS.

angusta paululum infra medium cincta; spira breviter conica ;
anfractus serie tuberculorum marginati, ultimus ad angulum
tuberculis elevatis acutiusculis albidis coronatus, infra angu-
lum convexus, infra medium constrictus, oblique costatus ;
apertura modica, supra et infra subeequaliter lata, fauce
pallide purpurea, columella basi contorta, labrum acutum,
superne vix sinuatum. Long. 35, lat. 20 mill.

Has. Gallapagos. Type in Mr. Melvill’s collection.

509. TayLorianus, Smith (f. 733).—C. testa parva, bre-
viter conica, saturate fusca, albo maculata; spira breviuscula,
eradata, ad apicem leviter prominente, albo variegata ; anfrac~
tus 9, superne declives, angulati, ad angulum coronati, stris
spiralibus paucis sculpti, ultimus superne coronatus et angu-
latus, infra angulum levissime convexus, spiraliter puncto-
striatus, ad angulum maculis magnis remotis niveis et pau-
lulum infra medium maculis ejusdem coloris ornatus, et prope
basin niveo punctatus ; apertura angusta, fauce fusco violacea,
albo maculata; labrum superne vix sinuatum. Long. 20,
lat. 11 mill.

Specimen from the collection of Mr. T. Lombe Taylor
now in the British Museum.

Has. Australia.

510. RACEMOosUS, Sowerby (f. 734).—C. testa cylindraceo-
turbinata, subyventricosa, solidula, levi, fusco-aurantiaca,
lineis obscuris sparsim albo articulatis transverse cingulata,
et cumulis macularum albarum trigonarum in series tres dis-
tantes dispositis ornata; spira convexiuscula, apice subob-
tuso; anfractus planato declives, ultimus obtusissime angu-
latus. Long. 54, lat. 25 mill.

At first sight this shell bears very much the aspect of
C. crocatus, but it is of a more obtuse and ventricose form.
The specimen is now in Mr. Melvill’s collection.

511. atpospira, Smith (f. 735).—C. testa breviter conica,
alba, zonis duabus vel tribus strigarum pallide olivaceo-fus-
carum picta ; eae concava, breviuscula, ad apicem dilute
carnea; anfractus 9-10, declives, plani, vix gradati, liris
tenuibus tribus Giana incrementique lineis sculpti; ulti-
mus superne subacute angulatus, ad latera leviter convexus,
striis transversis supra medium tenuissimis sed inferne pro-
fundioribus et subpunctatis insculpti; apertura supra angusta,
versus basin latior, dilutissime lilaceo-alba, labrum ad angu-
Jum yix emarginatum. Long. 27, lat. 14 mill.

CONUS. 269

A simple white shell, rather strongly striated towards the
base, and faintly coloured with rather distant light-brown
longitudinal streaks, arranged in three transverse zones.
The type is in the British Museum. Locality unknown.

512. NEPTUNOIDES, Smith (f. 736).—C. testa elongata,
roseo-albida, lineis fuscis irregulariter reticulata, paululum
supra pauloque infra medium fascia lata interrupta indistincta
ejusdem coloris cincta ; spira elevata, concava, gradata, lineis
contortis fuscis radiatim picta; anfr. circ. 10, superne de-
clives, leviter excavati, striis tribus spiraliter sculpti, carina
subacuta marginati; ultimus superne rotunde angulatus,
infra angulum aliquanto convexus, deinde rectiusculus,
transversim tenuiter striatus, infra medium sulcis angustis
remotis 10-12 oblique sculptus; apertura mediocriter lata,
inferne aliquanto latior, fauce dilute rosacea, columella basi
plicata, oblique contorta, inflata, labrum superne leviter
arcuatum, vix sinuatum. Long. 45, lat. 20 mill.

This is the same species as that figured Pl. XXV. figs,
613, 614, as varieties of C. Lienardi, from which it is prob-
ably distinct. The specimen labelled ‘ Australia’ passed
from the Taylor collection into that of the British Museum.

513. Coxent, Brazier (f. 737).—C. testa lata, angulata,
utringue acuminata, pallidissime flavidula, longitudinaliter
fulvo flammulata; spira elatissima, subgradata; anfractus
spiraliter trisulcati, carinati, carina obtusa fulvo maculata ;
anfr. ultimus infra angulum levigatus, deinde sulcis circ. 20
puncturatis spiraliter sculptus; apertura modica.

A very distinct species, known to me only from the figure
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ which I have
copied.

514. Lompet, Sowerby (f. 739).—C. testa elongato-turbin-
ata, solidiuscula, rufo-fusca: spira elevata, acuta, anfractus
superne declives, leeves, angulati, ad angulum maculis albidis
numerosis ornati; ultimus superne sub-acute angulatus, ad
latera prope rectus, leevigatus, basin versus oblique sulcatus ;
apertura angusta, fauce purpurea, labrum ad angulum vix
emarginatum. Long. 22, lat. 10 mill.

A small reddish-brown cone, with a purple interior, and
white spots on the angle and spire giving it a coronated ap-
pearance, although the angle is free from nodules. The spe-

270 CONUS.

cimen now in the British Museum was labelled ‘ Mauritius’
in the collection of the late Thos. Lombe Taylor.

515. Bay et, Jousseaume (f. 740).—C. testa elongato-tur-
binata, leeviuscula, pallide carnea, maculis fulvis irregularibus
4-seriatim picta ; spira breviuscula, concavo-conica ; anfractus
planato-declives, transversim subtilissime serrato-striati, haud
spiraliter striati; ultimus superne angulatus, infra angulum
convexiusculus, basin versus attenuatus; apertura angusta,
fauce carnea. Long. 82, lat. 17 mill.

Has. ? Figure copied from the ‘ Magasin de Zoologie.’

516. Eques, Brug. (f. 741).—C. testa obesa, pyriformis,
levigata, antice oblique sulcata, albida, fulvo tincta fasciata
et strigata, fusco irregulariter bifasciatim grandi-maculata et
flammulata.

This is a somewhat doubtful species which has been vari-
ously quoted as belonging to catus, quinaicus, &c., but from the
figure, which seems a good one, and of which I give a copy, I
certainly cannot identify it with either, and think it may
very possibly prove a good and distinct species.

517. pitectus, Gould (f. 742).—C. testa parva gracilis,
conica, albida, ferrugineo concinne reticulata, et seriebus
binis macularum candidarum et rufarum alternantium cincta ;
spira elevata, concayo-conica ; anfr. octo ad novem, angulatis,
coronatis, postice striatis, ultimo inermi, antice sex ad octo
sulcato; apertura linearis; columella recta; fauce incarnata.
(Gould.)

Has. Feejee Islands.

518. rristis, Reeve (f. 743).—C. testa sub-fusiformi, alba,
leevigata, antice sulcata ; spira mediocriter elevata, convexius-
cula; anfractus subplanato-declives, spiraliter striati, primi
nodulis minutissimis marginati, apice mucronato ; anfr. ulti-
mus superne obtuse angulatus, ad angulum haud coronatus,
ad latera convexiusculus.

This species was accidentally omitted from the old mono-

graph.

519. cLarus, Smith (f.744).—C. testa abbreviato-turbinata,
dilute rosacea, basin versus oblique sulcata; spira breviter
conica, apice acuto, lateribus leviter concavis ; anfractus 8-9,
plani, declives, parum gradati, striis tenuibus cire. 7, spiraliter

CONUS. AA |

sculpti; anfractus ultimus superne ad angulum subacute
carinatus, infra carinam vyix convexus, lateribus fere
rectilinearibus ; apertura angusta, pallide rosacea, labrum vix
arcuatum, sinu superiore inconspicuo. Long. 27, lat. 14
mill. (Smith).

Has. W. Australia.

520. DoLIUM, Boivin (f. 745).—C. testa subcylindracea, le-
viter inflata, tenuiuscula, alba, maculis grandibus aurantiis,
aut flavidis, aut fuscis irregulariter picturatis, bifasciatim dis-
positis ornata; spira complanata, ad apicem paulo elevata ;
anfractus planato depressi, spiraliter striati; sutura anguste
canaliculata ; anfr. ultimus superne obtuse angulatus, infra an-
gulum conyexus, deinde subventricosus, basin versus leviter
constrictus, sulcatus; apertura latiuscula, inferne dilatata ;
columella plicata, oblique contorta, turgida; labrum superne
vix sinuatum.

Allied to CO. spectrum, of a more inflated form.

521. BarTHELEMYI, Bernardi (f. 746).—C. testa oblongo-
turbinata, solida, aurantia, zona roseo-alba in medio cingulata,
et maculis nigro-fuscis raris subrotundatis in zona ipsa aut in
vicinio zone ornata; spira abbreviato-conica, profunde canali-
culata alba, fusco aurantioque variegata et flammulata, sutura
marginata, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractus 6-10, striati ; ultimus
obtuse angulatus, infra angulum aliquanto convexus deinde
rectiusculus ; apertura angusta, basin versus paulo latior,
fauce alba; columella basi oblique contorta, valde callosa,
aurantia. Long. 70, lat. 37 mill.

Not being acquainted with this handsome shell, my father
thought it might bea variety of C. aurisiacus ; it seems to me,
however, quite sufficiently distinct to be regarded as a species.

522. GLoyneI, Sowerby (f. 747).—C. testa abbreviato-
turbinata, solida, castanea, fusco late bifasciata ; spira abbre-
viata, conica, fusca ; anfractus superne leviterconcayi, spiraliter
profunde trisulcati; anfr. ultimus ad angulum _leviter
coronatus, infra angulum levissime convexus, leeviusculus,
vel minutissime striatus, basin versus valide costatus ; apertura
angusta, albida; labrum ad angulum leviter emarginatum.
Long. 26, diam. 16 millim.

A short brown Cone of no very striking character, except-
ing perhaps that the grooves of the spire are unusually deep.
Although of ordinary appearance, I cannot identify it with

O72 CONUS,

any known species. The shell was given me by Mr. C. P.
Gloyne, who had no information as to its habitat.

523. KopeLti, Libbecke (f. 748).—C. testa regulariter
conica, angulata, solida, leevigata, striis incrementi distinctis,
regularibus, supra arcuatis et ad basin liris confertis spiralibus
sculpta, luteo-fusca, zona pallida infra medium cincta; spira
conica, gradata, anfractus 10-11, spiraliter lirati, carinati ;
ultimus subacute angulatus; apertura angusta, fauce alba,
abrum acutum superne angulatum. Long. 42, lat. 24 mill.

Specimen in the Libbecke collection.

Has. unknown.

524. FUSCO-MACULATUS, Smith (f. 749).—C. testa elongato-
subcylindracea, antice paululum attenuata, dilute carneo-pur-
purea, maculis fuscis numerosis quadratis seriatim dispositis
ornata; spira fusca concavo-acuminata; anfractus 12, spiraliter
subtiliter striati, sutura albescente divisi, ultimus superne
obtuse angulatus, inferne albo oblique costatus, costis leviter
granulatis ; apertura pallide purpurea. Long. 37, lat. 16
mill.

Has. ? Nearly allied to C. lynceus.

525. RopiLiarpi, Bernardi (f. 750).—C. testa elongata,
nitida; anfr. 9-10, subgradati et carinati, concentrice sulcati ;
ultimus carinatus, antice punctis excavatis approximatis, in
series plures concentrice regulariterque dispositis notatus ;
postice leevior, ad suturam sulcatus; apertura recta, margini-
bus parallelis; spira alba, maculis subquadratis brunneis
ornata; anfractus ultimus fulvus, fascia alba, transversa,
media, maculis rufis interrupta, cinctus. Long. 27, lat. 14
mill. (Bernardi.)

526. Bayant, Jousseaume (f. 751).—C. testa elongata,
angustiuscula, albida, rufo-fusco irregulariter bifasciatim
maculata et longitudinaliter flammulata, postice acute angu-
lata, deinde attenuata, leviter inflexa, antice sulcata; spira
concavo-acuminata; apertura angustissima, fauce pallidissime
violacea. Long. 55, lat. 23 mill.

This shell, known to me only by the figure in the
‘Magasin de Zoologie,’ may possibly be a very angular, com-
pressed, and sparsely-coloured form of C. generalis. Its
habitat is unknown.

CONUS. 273

527. Futon, Sowerby (f. 758).—C. testa sub-pyriformi,
nigro-fusca, maculis grandibus albidis irregulariter picturatis
paulum infra medium balteata; spira brevissima, albida, ad
apicem paulo exserta ; anfractus 10, spiraliter rugoso-sulcati,
primi planato declives, sequentes “concaviusculi, tuberculis
oblongis planulatis fere obsoletis, interstitiis fusco maculatis,
marginati; ultimus superne angulatus, ad angulum tuberculis
albis planulatis confertiusculis vix elevatis coronatus, infra
angulum turgidulus, basin versus attenuatus, leviter con-
strictus, liris 6-7 leviter granulatis sculptus; apertura modica,
fauce dilute purpurea, columella basi oblique contorta, albida,
labrum acutum, purpureo-fusco limbatum, supra angulum
profunde sinuatum. Long. 23, lat. 14 mill.

A single specimen received with Singapore shells.

528. AKABENSIS, Sowerby (f. 752-3).—C. testa turbinata,
albida, epidermide fusco-flavida induta; spira parum elevata,
vix gradata, apice mamillato, sutura anguste canaliculata ;
anfractus 10, planato-declives, spiraliter 5-6 sulcati, carina
obtusa marginati; ultimus superne angulatus, infra angulum
aliquanto convexus, subtilissime undato-striatus, sulcis re-
motiusculs brevibus, basin versus profundioribus et confertiori-
bus cinctus; apertura latiuscula, basin versus paulo latior,
fauce albida, columella mediocriter contorta, labrum acutum,
superne parum sinuatum. Long. 46, lat. 22 mill.

A single specimen in the British Museum, from Akaba
(Red Sea).

529. Martensi, Smith (f. 755).—C. testa turbinata, antice
multo attenuata, aurantia; spira parum elevata, gradata ;
anfractus 10, angulati, spiraliter 3-4 sulcati, ultimus medio-
criter angulatus, infra angulum aliquanto convexus; apertura
angustissima, fauce carnea, columella contorta, labrum acutum,
superne mediocriter sinuatum. Long. 34, lat. 124 mill.

A single specimen in the British Museum from Providence
Reef, ft cesrecnice. 24 fath.

530. WernkaurFrFl, Libbecke (f. 760).—C. testa regulariter
conica, ponderosa, leviuscula, lineis incrementi tenuissimis,
superne arcuatis, ad basin liris distinctibus distantibus, regu-
lariter dispositis castaneo articulatis sculpta, alba, maculis
nigro-castaneis quadrangularibus interdum confluentibus ma-
joribus et minoribus fasciatim et strigatim dispositis ubique

ornata; spira elata, castaneo maculata; anfr. 11-12 sub-
4E

274. CONUS.

gradati, apice regulariter conico, exserto; anfr. ultimus
superne obtuse angulatus, supra angulum leviter concavus,
basi rugosus, rotundatus; apertura mediocriter lata, fauce
alba, columella haud contorta, labrum acutum, superne pro-
funde sinuatum. Long. 80, lat. 42 mill.

531. LONGURIONIS, Kiener (f. 759).—C. testa elongatis-
sima, angusta, utrinque attenuata, subulata, transversim
sulcata, albo-lutea, maculis rufo-aurantiis quadrangularibus
transversim obsolete bifasciata ; spira elata, acutissima.

Allied to C. aculeiformis but possibly distinct. It appears
to be a smooth shell with narrow grooves, not cancellated.
The figure is copied from NKiener.

532. aLpus, Sowerby (f. 761).—C. testa elongata, alba,
leeviuscula, transversim subtilissime striata, antice minute
lirata ; spira breviter conica, ad apicem paulo elata; sutura
impressa; anfractus 10, spiraliter subtilissime striati, pri-
mi 5 plano-declives, sequentes 6—8 levissime coronati, deinde
concayo-depressi ; ultimus superne sub-acute angulatus, infra
angulum aliquanto convexus, ad medium rectiusculus vel
levissime constrictus, basin versus paulo attenuatus ; apertura
mediocriter lata, basin versus paulo latior, columella basi
plicata, oblique contorta, turgida, labrum acutum, superne
sat profunde sinuatum, inferne arcuatum. Long. 49, lat. 26,
mill.

A white shell very obscurely coronated in the middle of
spire. Locality unknown.

533. cEanicus, H. Ad. (f. 756).—C. testa elongato-tur-
binata, solidiuscula, antice lirata, attenuata, cinereo-alba,
fusco fasciata et nebulata, floccis albis sparsis picta; spira
elevata, apice roseo ; anfractus 8 leviter convexi, tuberculati,
spiraliter subtilissime striati, ulttmus ad angulum tuberculis
acutiusculis subremotis coronatus, infra angulum convexus,
basin versus attenuatus; apertura angusta, fauce violacea,
labrnm acutum, superne sub-profunde sinuatum. Long. 25,
lat. 13 mill.

Has. Mauritius.

534. exauisirus, Sowerby (f. 757).—C. testa parva,
elongato-turbinata, liris transversis, postice obsoletis antice
majis conspicuis exsculpta, alba, flammulis aurantiis oblique
angulatis late bifasciatim dispositis pulcherrime picta; spira

CONUS. , 270

regulariter conica, mediocriter elevata, sub-gradata, apice
roseo; anfractus 8 primi levigati, sequentes tuberculis minu-
tissimis marginati, ultimus subacute angulatus ad angulum
tuberculis circiter 20 minutis coronatus, infra angulum recti-
usculus, basin versus attenuatus; apertura angusta, fauce
carnea, columella basi leviter callosa roseo tincta, labrum
acutum fere rectum, superne vix sinuatum. Long. 24, lat. 12
mill.

A charming little species, with bold angular orange
flames, and a minutely tubercled crown. The specimen fell
from the mouth of a Fusus Dupetitthouarsi from California,
but as there were shells from other localities with it, its
habitat cannot with certainty be stated.

SPECIES UNIDENTIFIED.
535. Sopuiz, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1876, p.
7. Solomon Is.
536. RossiTERI, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 109.
537. Coox1, Brazier, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870.

538. CaRMELI, 7’. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania,
13763 pe @

539. MacLeayanvs, J’. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania.
540. TASMANICUS, .. 3 -
541. purus, Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862.

) Sie i cane

se]

i State _ - 5

Ve a
ote Lt ae
ae ae

mu =

; ese AS a,

OA ay

; ng be -

CONUS.

(INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT)

acutimarginatus, So., 432, f.
640.
africanus, Kie. = mercator
var.
akabensis, So., 528, f. 752-3.
alabaster, Rve., 445, f. 631.
albospira, Sm., 511, f. 735.
albus, So., 532, £. 761.
altispiratus, So., 496, f. 720.
anabathrum, C7., 434, f. 639.
anaglyptus, Cr., 406, f. 605-6.
andamanensis, Sm.,478,f. 689.
archetypus, Cr.=daucus var.,
f. 330 and 645.
armillatus, Ad.=verrucosus.
articulatus, So., 460, f. 667.
baccatus, So., 455, f. 660.
barthelemyi, Bernardi, 521, f.
746.
bayani, Jowss., 526, f. 751.
baylei, Jowss., 515, f. 740.
blanfordianus, Cr., 492, f.
716.
bocki, So., 454, f. 659.
borbonicus, Ad.=tulipa, juv.
borneensis, So., 439=magus,
var., f. 648.
brazieri, So., 502, f. 726.
cabritii, Bern., 427, f. 632.
celine, ’ Bern, "416, i 623.
caledonicus, Hw., 138, £1699.
_candidus, Kien., 469, f. 674.
carmeli, T. Woods, p. 275.

carnalis, So., 453, f. 657.

carpentert, Cr.=ermineus.

cecillie, Bern., 426, f. 631.*

cernicus, H. Ad., 533, f. 756.

chenui, Bern., 418, f. 624.

circumsignatus, Cr., 433, f.
620.

clarus, Sm., 519, f. 744.

commodus, A. Ad., 479, f. 690.

complanatus, Sow., 441, f.
650-1.

compressus, So., 404, f. 602,
603.

concatenatus, So., 449, f. 654.

concinnus, So., 438, f. 646
=sapphyrostoma, Weink.

concinnus, Brod.—Fam. Co-
lumbellide.

condensus, So., 417, f. 622

consanguineus, Sm., 494, f.
718.

consil, Boiv., 443=magus var.
f. 509.

cooki, Braz., p. 275.

cordigerus, So., 437, as nobilis
v. f. 498.

coronatus, Dillw.=minimus.

corrugatus, So., 504, f. 728.

couderti, Bern., 421, f. 627.

coxeni, Braz., 513, £. 737.

croceus, Sm., 476, f. 685.

crosseanus, Bern., 422, f.

628-9.

278 CONUS.

cuneatus, So., 500, f. 724.
cuneiformis, Sm., 480, f. 691.
cuvieri, Cr. = deshayesii,
Rve. non Bell.
dalli, Stearns=panniculus.
daphne, Boiv., 425, f. 630.*
daullei, Cr. =anceps.
dianthus, So., 506, f. 730.
dilectus, Gould, 517, £. 742.
dolium, Boiv., 520, f. 745.
dusavelli, H. Ad., 489, f. 712.
epistomioides, Weink.= ma-
gus.
eques, Brug., 516, f. 741.
eveline, So., 505, f. 729.
excayatus, So., 411, f. 616.
exquisitus, So., 534, £. 757,
fergusoni, So., 470, f. 675.
Aloridanus, Sowb.=candidus.
floridensis, Gabb.=candidus.
frauenfeldi, Cr., 444.
fultoni, So., 527, £. 758.
fulvocinctus, Cr., 490, f. 713.
fuscomaculatus, Sm., 524, f.
749.
fusiformis, Pse., fam, Colum-
bellidee.
gemmulatus, So., 464, f. 669.
gillet, Jouss.=panniculus.
gloynei, So., 522, f. 747.
gracilis, So., 450, £. 655.
gradatulus, Wk., 468, f. 673.
guestiert, Lor. = mediter-
raneus.
henroquei, Bern.=vittatus.
inconstans, Sm., 487, f. 700.
jickelii, Wk., 472, f. 678-9.
jucundus, So., 485, f. 696-7.
julii, Leén., 493, £. 717.
kobelti, L0bb., 523, f. 748.
lamberti, Sowv., 486, f. 698.
laterculatus, So., 497, f. 721.
lictor, Boiv.=lineatus var.
lienardi, Bern., 409, f. 611-
614.
lischkeanus, Wk., 477, f.
687-8.
lizardensis, Cr., 446, f. 642.

lobbeckeanus, Wk., 488, f. 701.
lombei, So., 514, f. 739.
longurionis, A7., 531, f. 759.
lubeckianus, Bern. = specio-
sissimus.
macare, Bern., 412, f. 617.
macei, Cr., 415, f. 621.
macleayanus, Z’. W., p. 275.
maltzanianus, Wk., 471, f.
676-7.
martensi, Sm., 529, f. 755.
mazei, Desh., 491, f. 714.
melvilli, So., 448, f. 653.
metcalfei, Ang., 482, f. 693.
mirmillo, Cr.=senator.
miser, oiv., 423, f. 630.
moussoni, C'r., 407, f. 607, 638.
multicatenatus, So., 428, f.
633-4.
multilineatus, So., 457, f. 662.
neglectus, Pease=flavidus.
neptunoides, Sm., 512, f. 736.
nigrescens, So., 413, f. 618.
nodulosus, So., 429, f. 635.
papalis, Wk.=coronatus, Rve.
parvus, Pse., fam. colum-
bellidee.
pauluccie, So., 452, f. 658.
pazi, Bern., 440, f£. 649.
peasert, Braz.=flavidus.
planaxis, Desh., 419, f. 625.
planiliratus, So., 499, f. 723.
pohlianus, So., 474, f. 682-3.
politus, Whk., 475, £. 684.
prevosti, So., 459, f. 664.
propinquus, Sm., 463, f. 668.
proximus, So., 414, f. 619.
prytanis, So., 508, f. 732.
pseudo-marmoreus, Cr., 501,
f. 725.
purus, Pse., p. 275.
quadrato-maculatus, Sow.,
431, f. 637-8.
racemosus, So., 510, f. 734.
rarimaculatus, So., 467, f. 672.
ravus, Gould=Californicus.
reflexus, So., 456, f. 661.
robillardi, Bern., 525, f. 750.

CONUS. 279

rollandi, Bern., 442, f. 652.
roseo-tinctus, So., 405, f. 604.
rossiteri, Braz., p. 275.
sapphyrostoma, Wh., f. 646=
concinnus, Sows.
schech, Jick.=amadis var., f.
Ke:
secutor, Cr.=guiniacus 4
semisulcatus, So., 462, f. 666.
semivelatus, So., 507, f. 731.
signifer, Cr.=Jamaicensis 4
smithi, Ang., 481, f. 692.
sophie, Braz., p. 275.
spiroglossus, Desh., 420, f. 626.
stearnsi, Cour. =peali.
straturatus, So., 408, f. 609,
610.
striolatus, Rve., 447, f. 327-8.
subcarinatus, So., 410, f. 615.
submarginatus, So., 465, f. 670.
suffusus, So., 503, f. 727.

July 1887.

superscriptus, So., 451, f. 656.
sutoreanus, Wk., 473, f. 680-1.
sydneyensis, So., 483, f. 694.
tamsianus, Dkr. = mediter-
raneus.
tasmaniz, So., 430, f. 636.
tasmanicus, T. W., p. 275.
taylorianus, Sm., 509, f. 733.
tegulatus, So., 461, f. 665.
tenuisulcatus, So., 466, f. 671.
thomasi, So., 458, f. 663.
traversianus, Sm., 495, £.719.
tribunus, Cr.=hyena 4
tristis, Rve., 518, f. 743.
turriculatus, So., 435, f. 643-4.
turritus, So.=gradatulus.
vayssetianus, Cr., 484, f. 695.
villepini, Bern., 424, f. 629.*
violaceus var. f. 715.
weinkaufh, L6bb., 530, f. 760.
)

5
= b]
wilmeri, So., 498, f. 722.

SECOND
SUPPLEMENT TO MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS

NOLUT Ae

(SEQUEL TO P. 272, Vou. III.)

75. WIsEMANI, Brazier (f. 139).—V. testa oblongo-ovata,
crassiuscula, pallide fulvida, aurantio alboque maculata et
nebulata ; spira mediocriter elevata, apice obtusulo ; anfractus
6, planiusculi, 3 primi tenuissime granulosi, quartus tuberculis
minutis subacutis marginatus, ultimus supra medium angu-
latus, ad angulum tuberculis acutis elevatis albis armatus;
apertura latiuscula, fauce carnea, columella leviter arcuata,
albida, valide quadriplicata, labrum crassiusculum.

The specimen figured belongs to the collection of M.
Dupuis at St. Omer. Mr. Brazier’s type in the ‘Journal de
Conchyliologie’ is rather longer and narrower in proportion,
and the markings in two bands are of a reddish brown.

Has. N. E. Australia.

76. MacAnprewl, Sowerby (f. 140-1).—V. testa sub-
cylindrica, solidiuscula, albida, pallidissime fusco vel fulyo
tincta, lineis fuscis pulcherrime undulatis longitudinaliter
picta ; spira conica, breviuscula, sutura encaustica fere clausa,
apice acutiusculo ; anfractus 6, 3 primi convexi sub-pellucidi,
deinde planiusculi ; apertura latiuscula, fauce fusca, columella
alba, quadriplicata, labrum acutiusculum, leviter arcuatum, in
vicinio suturee profunde emarginatum. Long. 55, lat. 24 mill.

A pretty species allied to Hlhoti, Turneri, and Jamracht,
with the markings of widulata. The two specimens figured
(young and adult) are in the collection of Mr. J. J. MacAndrew.
A third specimen in the same collection is but little larger

4H

298 -VOLUTA.

than fig. 141, although quite adult, well formed and in ex-
quisite condition.

Has. W. Australia.

77. JAMRACHI, Gray (f. 142).—V. testa oblongo-ovata,
albida, fulvo-tincta, longitudinaliter fusco-strigata; spira
acute-conica, breviuscula, sutura canaliculata ; apertura latius-
cula, infra medium dilatata, columella 4-plicata, labrum
acutiusculum. Long. 55, lat. 24 mill.

This species was described by Dr. Gray as a variety of
Turneri, but it is an easily recognised species and not to be
confounded with T'urneri or Ellioti.

Has. W. Australia.

78. RoapnicHt#, McCoy (f. 143).—V. testa ovata,
solidiuscula, pallidissime flavidula, lineis fuscis sparsis angu-
lariter undulatis longitudinaliter scripta ; spira elata, pullus ad
apicem magnus, rotundatus, obliquus; anfr. convexi, superne
striis tenuibus cire. 10 spiraliter sculpti, costati, costis nume-
rosis, rotundatis, in anfractu ultimo evanidis; apertura lata,

columella tenuiter triplicata.
Has. ?

MEGASPIRA, var. Prevostiana, f. 144 (Voluta Prevostiana,
Crosse). Having compared this shell with the type of V.
megaspira in the British Museum, I am convinced that it
belongs to the same species. It is larger and more inflated,
and the body whorl is larger in proportion to the spire, and
more contracted at the base.

79. CONIFORMIS, Cox (f. 145).—-V. testa oblongo-pyriformi
vel coniformi, solida, fulvescente-fusca, fusco saturatiore obscure
trifasciata, maculis trigonis Ineequalibus numerosis interdum
confluentibus albis irregulariter undique conspersa; spira
brevissima, obtusa, apice rotundato; sutura impressa; anfr.
6 conyvexiusculi, longitudinaliter valide et regulariter striati,
transversim lineis validis decussati; apertura subangustata,
intus violaceo-fusca, columella quadriplicata, plicis 4 parvis,
labrum simplice, superne et inferne arcuatum, in medio leviter
constrictum.

A very remarkable species, somewhat approaching J.
bullata in form, with markings somewhat like those of Conus
aulicus. The shell is only known to me from the figure in the
Journal de Conchyliologie, which I have copied.

VOLUTAs 299

80. Kinet, Cox (f. 146).—V. testa elongato-ovata, pon-
derosa, polita, fusco-flavida aut fulva; spira breviuscula, acu-
minata, sutura Impressa; anfractus conyexi, ultimus ventricus,
basin versus constrictus; apertura longiuscula, mediocriter
lata, fauce aurantia, columella quadriplicata, labrum incras-
satum. Long. 25, lat. 57 mill.

81. THatcHeRI, McCoy (147).—V. testa elongata, solida,
pallide aurantia, infra suturas et ad basin serie macularum
rubrarum, et undique maculis albidis trigonis elongatis et
cordiformibus inzequalibus numerosis interdum confluentibus
irregulariter ornata, obscure rubro interruptim bifasciata ;
spira elata; anfr. 8, primi 5 leevi, lente accrescentes, deinde
leviter concayi, costato tuberculati; ultimus obtuse angulatus,
ad angulum.tuberculis infra costeeformibus armatus, in medio
rectiusculus, basin versus levissime attenuatus; apertura
elongata, angusta, fauce rosea, columella 8-plicata, labrum
crassum. Long. 95, lat. 34 mill.

The magnificent specimen figured, so much finer than the
original type, is now in the collection of Mr. J. J. MacAndrew,
by whom it was purchased from the collection of the late Dr.
Prevost.

82. Rucker, Crosse (f. 148).—V. testa oblongo-ovata,
crassiuscula, pallide carneo-albida, punctulis aurantio-fuscis,
et maculis albidis minutis undique creberrime notata, maculis
rufis irregularibus subdistantibus plerumque grandibus trifas-
ciatim dispositis ornata; spira mediocriter elongata, apice
obtuso, leviter costato; anfractus 7, planiusculi, ultimus obtu-
sissime angulatus, ad angulum interdum obtuse tuberculatus ;
apertura elongato-ovata, supra medium coarctata, fauce vivide
rubro-carnea; columella valide quadriplicata; labrum plus
minusve incrassatum.

A somewhat variable species intermediate between /.
piperita and V. rutila.

83. KREUSLER#, Angas (f. 150).—V. testa elongato-fusi-
formi, subangustata, pallide fulvo-lutea; spira turrita, apice
papillari; anfractibus levibus, in medio angulatis et plicato
nodosis, ad suturas castaneo maculatis, ultimo fere 3 longo,
testam adzequante, maculis aurantiaco-fuscis, trigonato ; labro
simplici; columella subrecta, 4-plicata, et callo tenui induta.
(Angas.) South Australia (Coll. Archer),

300 YOLUTA.

A very distinct and remarkable species, of which I believe
only one specimen is known.

84. AuSTRALIZ, Cow (f. 151).—V. testa elongato-turbi-
nata, tenuiuscula, rufo-aurantia, conspicue nigro-fusco fulgu-
rata; spira conica, mediocriter elevata, apice papillari ;
anfractus plano-declives, ultimus supra medium obtuse angu-
latus, infra angulum fere rectus; apertura elongata, fauce
intense rufo-aurantia, columella rectiuscula, valide quinque-
plicata.

A handsomely marked species known to me only by the
figure in the Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. which I have
copied. The type appears to be a young shell, and, hand-
some as it is, a fully developed specimen would be still
handsomer.

85. HarGravest, Angas (f. 154).—V. testa oblongo-ovata,
rufo-fusca, maculis albis plerumque triangularibus undique
ornata; spira elatiuscula, ad apicem obtusissima; anfractus 5
convexi; apertura parviuscula, pallide flavo-carnea, columella
3—4-plicata.

A very handsome, brilliantly coloured species, of which
only a single specimen is known, and the habitat unknown.

86. minima, Sowerby (f. 152).—V. minuta, fusiformi,
solida, laevigata, alba, maculis et flammulis castaneis bifascia-
tim dispositis ornata; spira elevata, apice obtuso, papillari ;
anfractus 54 convexiusculi; apertura anguste ovata, colu-
mella quadriplicata. Long. 9, lat. 32 mill.

Has. Port Jackson Head, 25 fath. (Brazier).

This is Angas’ Microvoluta Australis. It is a very inter-
esting little shell, and may be considered as a distinct genus,
or as a sub-genus, but including it in Voluta I am obliged
to change the specific name.

87. Kaupu, Dunker (f. 167).—V. testa ovato-oblonga,
crassiuscula, levis, gilva, albida, maculis ferrugineis irregu-
laribus ex parte tessellatis variegata; spira breviuscula,
conica, ad apicem obtusa; anfractus 6, convexiusculi, infra
suturam distinctam irregulariter papillarem subexcayati,
ultimus maximus, subangulatus; apertura magna, labrum
paulo incrassatum, postice subalatum ; columella perparum
sinuata plicis quatuor crassis instructa. Long. 56, lat. 28
mill.

Has. New Zealand.

VOLUTA. 30]

88. PusiLLa, Schrenck (f. 153).—V. testa parva, fusiformi,
lutescente-castanea, prope suturam linea albo et rufo articu-
lata cincta, caeterum rufo minute maculata, maculis in series
radiales interruptas dispositis; spira exserta, apice acutius-
culo; anfractus 6-planati, longitudinaliter sulcati; apertura
elongata, Iutescente-castanea, columella recta, biplicata, plicis
albis, superiore parva, subobsoleta, labrum vix incrassatum,
arcuatum,

A very small species resembling some of the forms of Mitra,
in which genus it might perhaps more properly be placed.

Has. Japan. ;

89. ARCHERI, Angas (f. 155-6).—V. testa ovata, solida,
basi recurva, longitudinaliter valde lirato-costata; costis
obtusis, vix flexuosis, ad marginem parvis, gradatim evanidis,
interstitus leevibus; pallide carneo-fusca, insterstitiis fuscis,
costis lineis tenuibus castaneis ornatis ; spira subacuminata ;
anfr. 6 convexiusculi, superne fusco irregulariter maculati ;
apertura oblonga, latiuscula, fauce pallide carnea, columella
basi triplicata, plicis numerosis supra exsculpta; labrum
incrassatum, interne dentatum, ad marginem tenue, punctis
minutis nigro-fuscis ornatum.

A lovely little species belonging to the Lyria section.
The only specimen known, from Montserrat, West Indies, is
in the collection of Mr. Archer.

90. TissoTrana, Crosse (f. 157).—V. testa ovato-elongata,
crassiuscula, polita, flavida, zonis et maculis castaneis irregu-
laribus picta; spira mediocriter elevata, obtusiuscula, sutura
impressa, apice rotundato; apertura mediocriter lata, fauce
flavicante, columella valide quadriplicata, labrum incrassa-
tum. Long. 92, lat. 49 mill.

Allied to V. flavicans, of which it is possibly a variety.
Locality unknown.

91. CarucarTIZ, Reeve (f. 158).—V. testa oblongo-
ovata, aurantio-fulva, nigricante-purpureo trifasciatim inter-
rupte maculata, maculis valde irregularibus et varie nebu-
latis, undique longitudinaliter lineis tenuibus undulatis fuscis
picta ; spira brevi, apice obtuso ; anfractus superne concavo-
declives, deinde subplanati; apertura elongata, mediocriter
lata, columella quadriplicata, plicis sub-remotis, basin versus
descendente.

302 VOLUTA

The unique type of this handsome species is now in the
collection of the Natural History Museum at Dijon.

92. AmeErRICANA, Reeve (f. 159, 160).—V. testa subab-
breviato-fusiformi, albida, pallide aurantio-fusco eximie reti-
culata, et interrupte trifasciata; spira elatiuscula, turrita,
apice papillari; anfractus superne leviter concavi, supra
medium angulati, ad angulum tuberculis subacutis interdum
in plicis descendentibus coronati; apertura lata, albida, pal-
lide aurantio-fusco trifasciatim maculata, columella quadri-
plicata, labrum leviter incrassatum valide arcuatum.

The type originally in the collection of Mrs. Cathcart is
now in the Museum at Dijon. V. Cleryana (Petit) is pro-
bably the same species.

93. Braul, Fischer (f. 161).—V. testa elongata, fusiformi,
nitida, solida, longitudinaliter costata, carneo lutea, lineis
interruptis transversis nigro-fuscis eximie notata; spira
elata, acuta, apice parvo, obtuso, albo, sutura vix impressa ;
anfractus 9, obtuse angulati; ultimus superne sub-angulatus,
infra angulum leviter convexus, basi attenuatus; apertura
elongata, columella multiplicata, labrum tenuiter reflexum,
nigropunctatum. Long. 65, lat. 28 mill.

Has. Marie-Galante.

A lovely shell allied to V. Delessertiana. The beautiful
specimen figured, to which neither figure nor description can
do justice, adorns the rich collection of M. Dupuis at St. Omer.

94. GUNTHERI, Smith (f. 162—3).—V. testa parva, breviter
fusiformi, solida, alba, lineis numerosis longitudinalibus valde
flexuosis flavo-fuscis ornata; anfractus 6, primi tres leeves,
convexiusculi; ceeteri supra concavi, deinde angulati, ad
angulum serie tuberculorum acutorum instructi; spira brevis,
concava, ad apicem obtusa; columella alba, plicis validis
quatuor munita; apertura angusta, alba. Long. 43, lat. 22
mill. ; apertura long. 35, lat. 8} mill.

Has. West Australia.

A charming little species belonging to the Aulica group,
beautifully painted with fine undulating brown lines upon a
white ground. The specimen at present unique has been
recently added to the British Museum collection.

95. ScLaTERI, Oow (f. 164).—V. testa elongato-ovata,
ponderosa, leevigata, albida; spira breviuscula, acute-conica;

VOLUTA. 303

anfractus planato-declives, ultimus obtusissime angulatus, supra
angulum levissime concayus, infra angulum leviter convexus,
basin versus attenuatus ; apertura elongata, fauce alba, colu-
mella 4— o-plicata, basi incurva, labrum leviter arcuatum,
superne emarginatum, leviter incrassatum.

Has. Tasmania.

A porcelain white shell of just the form of the variety of
V. undulata for which my father proposed the name of
Angasi. The specimen figured was kindly lent me by M.
Dupuis.

96. AFRICANA, Reeve (f. 165).—V. testa ovata, aurantio-
fusca, obscure transversim fusco lineata, ad marginem lineis
conspicuis nigro-fuscis duplicatis ornata ; spira mediocriter
elevata, turrita, sutura impressa, apice " obtuso ; anfractus
angulati, supra angulum leviter concayi, ad angulum tuber-
culis in plicis descendentibus coronati ; ultimus subventricosus,
costis rotundatis latiusculis vix elevatis irregularibus inferne
evanidis munitus, basin versus contractus ; ‘apertura medio-
criter lata, fauce aurantio-fusca, columella triplicata, superne
nigro-fusco unimaculata, labrum incrassatum, concinne nigro-
fusco lhneatum.

Has. S. H. Africa.

A species of great rarity of which only more or less worn
specimens have been obtained. The one figured is the most
perfect I have seen, and forms part of the collection of M.
Dupuis.

97. Brazier1, Coa (f. 168).—V. testa elongato-ovata,
polita, rufo-carnea, fulvo variegata et fasciata, flammis nigris
ineequalibus longitudinaliter picta ; spira brevissima, concavo-
conica; anfractus convexi, ultimus superne rotundatus, ad
latera leviter convexus, basin versus attenuatus ; SIPEEUUIDE
elongata, columella triplicata.

A very remarkable Australian species having much the
external appearance of an Olive, or a young Cowry. The
figure is a copy from the Proc. Zoological Society. Only one
specimen is at present known.

98. Harrorpi, Cow (f. 170).—V. testa elongato-ovata,
solida, polita, alba, maculis pallidis quadrifasciatim dispositis
et lineis pallidissimis longitudinalibus picta ; spira parviuscula,
sutura profunde et aperte canaliculata; anfractus convexi,
apice obtuso, ultimus vix angulatus, ad latera rectiusculus,

304 VOLUTA.

basin versus paulo attenuatus; apertura elongata, columella
conspicue quadriplicata.

Professor McCoy proposed for this species, remarkable
for its channeled suture, the appropriate name of V. canalicu-
lata, but earlier in the same year Dr. Cox had given it the
name of Harford.

99. BepNALLI, Brazier (f. 171).—V. testa elongato-sub-
fusiformi, pallide flavida, balteis 3-4 angustis rufo-fuscis, et
flammis longitudinalibus ejusdem coloris arcuatis et angulatis
conspicue picta ; spira elata, obtusa; anfractus convexi ;
ultimus haud angulatus, elongatus, angustiusculus, basin
versus mediocriter attenuatus ; apertura angusta, fauce pallide
flavidula ; columella quadriplicata, plicis obliquis subremotis.

A remarkable species with a very distinct style of paint-
ing. Three or four transverse reddish-brown narrow bands,
with peculiarly arched longitudinal flames between them.
The specimen is believed to be unique.

100. LuTEA, Watson (f. 172).—V. testa fusiformi, sordide
lutea ; spira elata, acutiuscula, sutura irregulariter impressa,
apice leviter obtuso; anfractus 63, convexi, costati; ultimus
vix ventricosus, subobsolete costatus, basin versus attenuatus ;
apertura mediocriter ampla; columella rectiuscula, cuticula
vitrea late effusa tecta, quadriplicata, plicis subzequalibus,
parviusculis, labrum incrassatum, rotundatum, superne leviter
emarginatum.

A New Zealand species discovered in the ‘Challenger’
expedition.

101. ALABASTRINA (Gen. Guivillea) Watson (f. 169, 4
diam.).—V. testa ovata, tenui, alba, undique minute eranu-
lata, spiraliter inconspicue irregulariter striata; spira elata,
ad apicem leviter contorta, sutura perobliqua, leviter canalicu-
lata; anfractus 54, convexi; ultimus ventricosus; apertura
ampla; columella recta, cuticula vitrea late effusa tecta,
uniplicata, plica angulata, vix obliqua, labrum tenue, valde
arcuatum.

A single specimen of this remarkable species was dredged
in the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ between Marion Island
and the Crozets, at a depth of 1600 fathoms. The shell
hardly looks like a Volute, having something of the external
form of Fusus (Neptunea) norvegicus, and the single plait on

VOLUTA. 305

the columella is unlike the curved oblique plaits of the
typical Volutes. The animal, however, as we are informed by
the Rev. R. Boog Watson, is a typical Volute.

102. PRovocaTOR (Provocator pulcher) Watson (f. 173).—
V. testa subfusiformi, postice acuminata, fulva, cuticula albida
tenui induta; spira elata, acuta, apice parvo, acuto; anfrac-
tus 7-8, convexiusculi, sutura obliqua, tegmine vitreo crasso
fulvo inferne tenuiter effuso celata; ultimus infra medium
leviter ventricosus, basin versus leviter contractus; apertura
ovata, inferne effusa, superne leviter contracta; columella
rectiuscula, basi acuta, 2—3-plicata, plicis parvis, perobliquis ;
labrum levissime incrassatum, superne profunde sinuatum.

Another very remarkable form discovered in the ‘ Chal-
lenger’ expedition. The spire with thickly enamelled suture
is like that of an Ancillaria, and the whole form and texture
of the shell is not unlike some of the species of that genus;
it has the columella plaits of a Volute, but these are not very
prominent. ‘The animal being a decided Volute I include the
species in this monograph, and am unable to use Mr. Watson’s
specific name, as it is preoccupied. Of the two specimens
discovered at stations 149 and 150, one has three columella
plaits, and the other only two.

Not ADOPTED.

Hamillei, Crosse, Journal de Conchyliologie, 1870, p. 79,
is a large, well grown, comparatively smooth variety of I’.
rupestris.

canaliculata, McCoy, Ann. & Mag. of Nat. Hist., July,
1869, = Harfordi.

Cleryana, Petit, J. de Conch., 1856, p. 182, = Americana.

Stearnsi, Dall, Cal. Proc. iv. t. 1, f. 1, does not seem from
figure and description to differ materially from V. Ancilla.

Macgillivrayi, Cox, is a variety of piperita.

fusus, Quoy, = pacifica.

ceraunia, Crosse, J. de Conch., 1880, pl. 4, is a variety of
piperita,

Prevostiana, Crosse, J. de Conch., 1879, p. 41, pl. 1, f. 1,
is a variety of megaspira.

4 I

VOLUTA.

(INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT.)

africana, Reeve, 96, f. 165.
alabastrina, Watson, 101, f.
169.
americana, feeve, 92, f. 159,
160.
archeri, Angas, 89, f. 155-6.
australiz, Cox, 84, f. 151
australis, Angas=minima.
beaui, Fischer, 93, f. 161.
bednalli, Braz. 99, f. 171.
brazieri, Cox, 97, f. 168.
canaliculata, McCoy = har-
fordi.
cathcartiz, Reeve, 91, f. 158.
ceraunia, Crosse=piperita.
cleryana, Petit=americana.
coniformis, Cow, 79, f. 145.
Jusus, Quoy=pacitica.
guntheri, Smith, 94, f. 162-3.
hamillei, Crosse=rupestris.
harfordi, Cow, 98, f. 170.
hargravesul, Angas, 85, f. 154.
jamrachi, Gray, 77, f. 142.

July 1887.

kaupii, Dkr. 87, £. 167,

kingi, Cow, 80, f. 146.

kreuslerz, Angas, 83, f. 150.

lutea, Watson, 100, f£. 172.

macandrewi, Sowb., 76, f.
140-1.

macgillivrayi, Cox=piperita.

megaspira, var.=prevostiana,
f. 144

minima, Sby., 86, f. 152.

prevostiana, Crosse = megas-
pira var.

provocator, Watson, 102, f.173.

punctata, Sw., 14, £. 149.

pusilla, Sch., 88, f. 153.

roadnightz, McCoy, 78, f.
143.

ruckeri, Crosse, 82, f. 148.

sclateri, Cox, 95, f. 164.

stearnsi, Dall=ancilla.

thatcheri, McCoy, 81, f. 147,

tissotiana, Cr., 90, £. ‘157.

wisemani, Br., 75, ts 139:

a - ak, ee as if
. ay
a :
<<
Pie
-
-
2
_
*
a
* i e

MONOGRAPHS

CONTAINED IN THE FIFTH VOLUME OF THE

CONCHYLIORUM.

THESAURUS

Page
Latiaxis 1-9
Fasciolaria 10-16
Haliotis 17-38
Sigaretus . 39-48
Tanthina 49-54
Calyptreeidze 55-74
Natica 75-104
Nerita : ; : . 105-120
Teredo and Kuphus . : ole 26
Gastrochena, Fistulana, Saxicava . 127-134
Rotella 5 ayes}
Pteropoda . . 139-148
Phasianella ; . 149-152
Delphinula 5 . 153-158
Stylifer . 159-162
Siliquaria . . 163-166
Vanikoro Lor —tn0
Planaxis ‘ : 5 HiPAlealyes}
Tridacna and Hippopus 5 Welle
Pleurotomaria . 183-186
Trigonia . 187-188
Turbo ; . 189-248
Conus (supplement) . . 249-296
Voluta (supplement). . 297-318

Plates in Thes.
424
424dis_497
428-4405
441-442>«
443-444
445-453
454-462
463-468
469
470-471
472
473474
475-476
477-478
479
480-481
482
483-484
485-489*
490-491
492
493-506
507-512*
alsa y/

a WM {3 Sp. UG A NRA, OD ee oe, <<] & hae
= O = He SQ: YP fy, te sl Oo Wz.
EOD Ey ENO Fe
Ss = Wash = 0 ~~ = ba = ‘NOSR> =
: = >
ruTION NOlLN _NVINOSHLINS S31U¥VYEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTIO
on Zz a = a Bee ae
ul i Nee “ = ¥%,"
38 = . « 4 i FA
< <c Ww NSE ee = i. CS
= a SSO a S ies
a fe) =“ S ay ro) ay Oo
ar 2 - Zz al 2
iyugi1a LIBRARI ES _ SMITHSONIAN ~ INSTITUTION _NOLNLILSNT NvINOSrEs saluvud
~ cS) O 2 o Ws S
val onl ae 4 - ee) - WS Sy =
2 OA = PF ME RD
“s I Gy = iE a | E
a - Gy = - = -
wm — — » —
ITUTION. NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYAIT_ LIBRARIES, SMITHSONIAN
nS < = SE ug ys Nee <
XS = ie zZ Se a ag oe Zz
he Ze S = pup 6 QR = 5
uN Di gs ye = ee
NN 2 Uy * o Gay = 2 Fe
> GG = > = ; > Ss
a, = rT) Ze w C = ” x
JVUYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S43 1yVvua
. - ue
=z W 2 uw Zz WY. uJ
& = “S = & @&& =
= 2 5 = < = AS. a eet
2 m = 0 =. ee
fe) = Oo a re) a
z af = i = pine ee
ITUTION NOILNLILSNI S3!IYVYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN_INSTITUTI
z = 3 2 er
= es
= w — wo — Yi, ow
: : : : = $%,>
= > v pf>
= = Ee LEE
= x = as =e Ve 2
n m 2) m wu? ‘ m
= wn ae = w = w
syugi7 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3IUVUE
=. 2 nee oe) z ee) f
yy, es = < = wy, <= s Vip
GAY 5 = 5 IN = Gly, © : il
fob f: — ‘\ \ 2 po xX NS = bly 40 ies > Gf fet
aS — \ SY ae — — >
a ea a ee : E
ITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVINOSHLINS | Sa 1yYvuda ae BRARI ES SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTI
: j ! z Sy, &
cc ~ oc = es
= e os = < ee
eG = ot z a z
YyvVugdIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVUE
Je = ae = = SS
w ae me?) = w =
x 5 Yip ? = 2 5
> ge = = :
= - GY, ae = cd E
NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYs 11 LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN
Zz z Z aS Ea: z
5 s Sr te LS s
af : 5 tp 5 SN. 5 °
g 2 BGG ERX 8 :
: 2 a z
> = oa = . =
ee w 2 a is oe a .
MVYGIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3luWut
z = > .
n a , <n” ul RNS uu
=. 7 Jp c a ie
na <i i a < a WA <
- a UG = : SAS SE
re) a re) om ro) e
> a —- a = ee Nee

ae a z=] M es *—~m_, PANN SO pty. MY? le So ets Ye," TFT XW, NY O

a ee J A SANS Us tl, I. NS ° Mf GA L Ne \\ Ou

2 NGS & = as Ay SO fi EX & Zz My ean de WS a &

> Wash = \ z . Ss 7 NOS > = N >

nw “as on” ’
NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_ NVINC

; ‘ wn S w” z ” ae

> LJ w J wn [ee (ap) \

Vie = = P= = S hie.

- NS = é m ‘e = oY

4 SN NS = aad = a .

» ao = oO - = fea) .

») MS = fo) = ro) = 4

2 aa | aie a4 ae - ;
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI S31YVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITI

4 cle z - z se z

) = ro) — ro) mE o

? Mad = o 4 bac =

2 : a z 5

Fs - - = ee @&

n 7p) ” Y,

~ i = m Zz ri a
NVINOSHLIWS Sa luvua Tet BRARI ES (SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_ NVIN

< = iz Ke Es Gt eee)" ie <

y a aes WS = = Pd . = a 4 z=

5 aah D MKS = o Ge eee o

: gy ZR 8 2N& 8 GF 2

; oe = WO 2 ; 2UY =

= > = > = > =

fy 2 ” td za wn = rT)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITI

re) = ” = f ” = 7p)

uJ a w 6 WX O =

va = ac 4 SSS a = we . Wy

a = <x o Was <x o <7
Z [ aE | Ges X [ : ta

= a 2 = aes = ib /,

> hee: : g we S a8

oa | = pe

“NVINOSHLIWS | $3 IYVUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI_NVIN
¥ —

= oO — (oe) a Oo X

y Pa — ow a be ow — ow ™

A. 2 5 GY: 5 aa,

ayes ES 5 oe > = LE rs > Ss

y WAYS — ay — Vr ij A 5 a aw ‘

5 WG z Be AP = 5 =

Hs ee = o = o = 7)

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILMIILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS, Sa luvugi7 tl BRARIES SMIT

oe = < = Ws < =

5 S \ = Bhi. & = OLY. 5 NAG

3 2 ww 6 YE 2 es Go 2 SSN 8

E E NO 2, - fe = Sy ee 1 Be =

ib é = ey

_NVINOSHLINS S3IUNVYGIT LIBRARIES _INSTITUTION NO!LALILSNI_ NVIN

; uw 2 ia 2 a ae

eer =a a wd = Ge,

: oc = oc = ae = ee

= SM IY i: c 5 aes < c .

a SN SN oO a oO. a ao Oo

2 aS - (e) a fe) a >

= = z a m4 _

, SMITHSONIAN_ INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS S31UVY aI T_ LIBRARIES SMI1

: B S o is 2 oD °

a wa = 0 ke 0 - ay

™ > ras =e 2 > ay,

A ee | = Ps) = = 0 | — %, ’

D om a = i * nm @

Jy ry Yn m w m we g

s 7) = 7) aoe ” ce
NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYAIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION |, NOILMLILSNI_ NVIN

= wer * AS

= = ait SB ‘ = ANS 5 N 8) = =

) I D4 2Ss™ s a, rae a

4 & Gy4 a WN re) o So

: 2 'Gigy = WY 2 2 =

5 2 a . 3 eee | a
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYSIT_ LIBRARIES SMIT

RSS
NS

.

atIROIIIMe @C2WVruUUTArSD IIDDADICCS CASITLICONIAN INCTITIITION NOLINLILSN! NYVIN

LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN

eS ee
NOILNLILSNI
LIBRARIES
NOILNLILSNI
NOILNLILSNI
LIBRARIES

RAR cas wey rt ; SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

ee EE
LARSEN OA) 39088 00594 0655